Periodontitis was associated with higher odds of detectable high-level salivary P. gingivalis (OR 3.38).
The intervention showed no clear difference in decayed, missing, filled surfaces (DMFS); GRADE not reported.
The intervention showed no clear difference in decayed surfaces (DS); GRADE not reported.
Salivary F. nucleatum and S. mutans levels were positively associated.
The intervention led to higher decayed surfaces (DS); GRADE not reported.
Salivary S. mutans showed a non-significant declining trend with periodontitis (OR 0.82).
High-level S. mutans did not change significantly after periodontal therapy (OR 1.54).
The intervention led to higher decayed, missing, filled surfaces (DMFS); GRADE not reported.
Patients with periodontitis had a significantly higher mean DFR (WMD 1.13).
Illicit drug use was not significantly associated with periodontal disease (pooled OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.80-2.60; 5 studies; substantial heterogeneity I2=85%; ungraded).
It is very uncertain whether rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing changes gingivitis (proportion of bleeding sites) compared with toothbrushing alone (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing changes plaque compared with flossing plus toothbrushing (very low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
It is very uncertain whether rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing changes gingivitis (gingival index) compared with flossing plus toothbrushing (very low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
It is very uncertain whether oral irrigation plus toothbrushing changes gingivitis (gingival index) compared with flossing plus toothbrushing (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether wooden cleaning stick plus toothbrushing changes plaque compared with toothbrushing alone (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether oral irrigation plus toothbrushing changes gingivitis (gingival index) compared with toothbrushing alone (very low certainty).