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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dexketoprofen 25 mg plus tramadol 75 mg vs placebo Participants using rescue medication over 6 hours · adults with moderate or severe acute postoperative pain Single fixed‐dose oral dexketoprofen plus tramadol for acute postoperative pain in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 123 participants | Very low |
Dexketoprofen 25 mg plus tramadol 75 mg vs placebo Participants with ≥ 1 adverse event following a single dose, and after 3 to 5 days · adults with moderate or severe acute postoperative pain Single fixed‐dose oral dexketoprofen plus tramadol for acute postoperative pain in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 123 participants | Very low |
Dexketoprofen 25 mg plus tramadol 75 mg vs placebo Participants with a serious adverse event following a single dose, and after 3 to 5 days · adults with moderate or severe acute postoperative pain Single fixed‐dose oral dexketoprofen plus tramadol for acute postoperative pain in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 123 participants | Very low |
Oxycodone vs placebo Moderate benefit: At least 30% reduction in pain, or PGIC much or very much improved · adults with fibromyalgia Oxycodone for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Oxycodone vs placebo Substantial benefit: At least 50% reduction in pain, or PGIC much improved · adults with fibromyalgia Oxycodone for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Oxycodone vs placebo Lack of efficacy withdrawal · adults with fibromyalgia Oxycodone for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Oxycodone vs placebo Adverse event withdrawal · adults with fibromyalgia Oxycodone for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Oxycodone vs placebo Serious adverse events · adults with fibromyalgia Oxycodone for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Oxycodone vs placebo Deaths · adults with fibromyalgia Oxycodone for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Placebo (sham block) Adverse events · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | 2 out of 3 studies reported this outcome. One study reported no differences between groups, and the other study reported more vomiting in the placebo group (Takmaz 2009: vomiting 40% placebo versus 10% intervention; P… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Infiltration of the incision (peri-incisional infiltration) Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | Gaonkar 2004: no differences between groups in postoperative heart rate and blood pressure. Prabhu 1999: significantly lower heart rates in the intervention group throughout the postoperative period, and no differences… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Infiltration of the incision (peri-incisional infiltration) Time to feeding after surgery · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | This outcome was not reported. | 0 studies | No studies |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Placebo (sham block) Duration of hospitalisation · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | None of the included studies reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Intravenous analgesia Duration of postoperative analgesia · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | This outcome was not reported. | 0 studies | No studies |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Infiltration of the incision (peri-incisional infiltration) Adverse events · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | Of the 2 included studies, one study reported no difference between groups (Gaonkar 2004: no adverse events attributable to either technique), and the other study did not report this outcome. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Intravenous analgesia Time to first analgesic requirement · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | Not pooled (lack of data). Delgado 2005: longer in the infraorbital block group (7.3 +/- 5.1 hours) versus intravenous analgesia (2.8 +/- 2.2 hours) (P < 0.01). Simion 2008: no significant difference (195.32 +/- 71.21… | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Pilocarpine hydrochloride (parasympathomimetic) vs Placebo Xerostomia (subjective dry mouth; positive response = >25 mm change in VAS score) · Patients with radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | Johnson 1993: positive response (>25 mm change in VAS score) in 25% of participants on placebo, 51% on pilocarpine 5 mg tds, 47% on pilocarpine 10 mg tds. LeVeque 1993: positive response in 7% on placebo vs 42% on… | 2 studies · 278 participants | Ungraded |
Parasympathomimetic drugs (choline esters, cholinesterase inhibitors) vs No treatment Outcome NR · Patients with radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Pilocarpine hydrochloride (parasympathomimetic) vs Placebo Other oral symptoms (oral discomfort, dysphonia) · Patients with radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | Both studies assessed oral discomfort and dysphonia (Johnson 1993; LeVeque 1993); pilocarpine reported to improve associated symptoms of salivary gland dysfunction (oral discomfort, dysphonia). No pooled data. | 2 studies · 278 participants | Ungraded |
Pilocarpine hydrochloride (parasympathomimetic) vs Placebo Salivary flow rates · Patients with radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | Only two studies measured salivary flow rates (Johnson 1993; LeVeque 1993); no usable summary/pooled data reported. | 2 studies | Ungraded |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs placebo Migraine frequency Number of attacks · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 113 participants | Low |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs amitriptyline Migraine duration Hours · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 104 participants | Low |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs amitriptyline Symptomatic/analgesic medication use for acute headache attacks · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs amitriptyline Migraine index Score · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs amitriptyline Quality of life · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs amitriptyline Withdrawn (for any reasons and due to adverse events) · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.39 [0.1, 1.5] | 1 study · 64 participants | Low |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs placebo Migraine intensity Score · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 113 participants | Low |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs placebo Migraine duration Hours · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs placebo Symptomatic/analgesic medication use for acute headache attacks · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 113 participants | Low |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs placebo Migraine index · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 86 participants | Very low |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs placebo Quality of life · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs placebo Withdrawn (due to adverse events) · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.95 [0.7, 5.44] | 5 studies · 221 participants | Very low |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs amitriptyline Migraine frequency Number of attacks · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 96 participants | Very low |
SSRIs or SNRIs vs amitriptyline Migraine intensity Score · patients for whom migraine preventive interventions are indicated Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 104 participants | Low |
VAS pain scores (0 to 100): PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia Pain scores 0 to 24 hVisual analog scaleScale from: 0 to 100 · patients with postoperative pain Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 23 studies · 1516 participants | Moderate |
Patient satisfaction: PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia Number of patients in arm satisfied with therapy · patients with postoperative pain Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 547 participants | Low |
VAS pain scores (0 to 100): PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia Pain scores 25 to 48 hVisual analog scaleScale from: 0 to 100 · patients with postoperative pain Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 609 participants | Low |
VAS pain scores (0 to 100): PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia Pain scores 49 to 72 hVisual analog scaleScale from: 0 to 100 · patients with postoperative pain Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 231 participants | Very low |
VAS pain scores (0 to 100): PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia Pain scores 0 to 48 hVisual analog scaleScale from: 0 to 100 · patients with postoperative pain Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 372 participants | Low |
Consumption of intravenous morphine equivalents (mg): PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia Consumption of morphine equivalents 0 to 24 hmg · patients with postoperative pain Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 25 studies · 1586 participants | Low |
Consumption of intravenous morphine equivalents (mg): PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia Consumption of morphine equivalents 25 to 48 hmg · patients with postoperative pain Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 449 participants | Moderate |
Consumption of intravenous morphine equivalents (mg): PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia Consumption of morphine equivalents 0 to 48 hmg · patients with postoperative pain Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 334 participants | Very low |
Consumption of intravenous morphine equivalents (mg): PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia Consumption of morphine equivalents 0 to 72 hmg · patients with postoperative pain Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 244 participants | Very low |
Patient satisfaction: PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia Satisfaction on a continuous scale · patients with postoperative pain Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 427 participants | Low |
Intervention NR At least 50% of maximum pain relief over 4 to 6 hours · Adults with acute pain Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3.7 [2.9, 4.7] | 7 studies · 757 participants | High |
Intervention NR Participants remedicating within 8 hours · Adults with acute pain Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.45, 0.6] | 7 studies · 757 participants | High |
Intervention NR Participants with at least 1 adverse event (all diclofenac potassium doses, 25 mg to 100 mg) · Adults with acute pain Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.7, 1.6] | 7 studies · 1090 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Participants with a serious adverse event (whole data set) · Adults with acute pain Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 2830 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Chance of obtaining substantial headache relief (Relief). · Acute migraine Normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment and prevention of migraine and cluster headache (2015) · Cochrane | RR 6.21 [2.41, 16] | 3 studies · 58 participants | Low |
Single‐fraction radiotherapy (8 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (16 Gy Ambulation One month after radiation · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis with visceral metastasis, and no spinal… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.82, 1.04] | 1 study · 303 participants | Moderate |