Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

131 questions · 132 findings · 48 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 10 · 7.6%GRADE not reported 3 · 2.3%Very low 78 · 59.1%Low 28 · 21.2%Moderate 12 · 9.1%High 1 · 0.8%

Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams vs standard SEI teams plus treatment

Service use: admission to psychiatric hospital (assessed by proportion admitted at end of treatment) · recent‐onset psychosis

Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams showed no clear difference in service use: admission to psychiatric hospital at end of treatment… compared with standard SEI teams plus treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ECT plus standard care vs usual care

Satisfaction and acceptability of treatment (medium term) ‐ leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ECT plus standard care changes satisfaction and acceptability of treatment (medium term) ‐ leaving… compared with standard care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CLOZAPINE + AMISULPIRIDE vs CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Genc 2007)

Leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether CLOZAPINE + AMISULPIRIDE changes leaving the study early: acceptability of treatment ‐ as measured by… compared with CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Genc 2007) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CLOZAPINE + RISPERIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE (Kuwilsky 2010)

Acceptability of treatment ‐ leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether CLOZAPINE + RISPERIDONE changes leaving the study early: acceptability of treatment ‐ as measured by… compared with CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE (Kuwilsky 2010) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Wen 2015)

Leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE changes leaving the study early: acceptability of treatment ‐ as measured by… compared with CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Wen 2015) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CLOZAPINE + ARIPIPRAZOLE vs CLOZAPINE + HALOPERIDOL (Cipriani 2013)

Acceptability of treatment ‐ leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether CLOZAPINE + ARIPIPRAZOLE changes leaving the study early: acceptability of treatment ‐ as measured by… compared with CLOZAPINE + HALOPERIDOL (Cipriani 2013) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticholinergic medication vs other treatments

Leaving the study early · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

It is very uncertain whether anticholinergic medication changes acceptability of the treatment: leaving the study early compared with other treatments (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics changes acceptability of treatment Leaving the study early due to any reason compared with placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Unacceptability of treatment (drop-outs / leaving study early) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes leaving the study early due to any reason (overall acceptability of… compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes leaving the study early due to adverse effects (overall tolerability… compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buspirone vs placebo

Leaving the study early · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

It is very uncertain whether ANXIOLYTIC ‐ BUSPIRONE changes acceptability of treatment (measured by participants leaving the… compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review