Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

339 questions · 346 findings · 42 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 74 · 21.4%GRADE not reported 8 · 2.3%Very low 72 · 20.8%Low 107 · 30.9%Moderate 68 · 19.7%High 17 · 4.9%

Calcium vs placebo

Mortality: all cancers · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calcium vs placebo

Mortality: all causes · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

Healing of rickets (number) Definition: normal alkaline phosphatase and bone radiograph

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D plus calcium changes healing of rickets (number) Definition: normal alkaline phosphatase… compared with calcium (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.72, 1.9]
2 studies · 140 participants
Very low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

Morbidity (number) Definition: fractures

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D plus calcium changes morbidity (number) Definition: fractures compared with calcium (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.06, 13.76]
1 study · 72 participants
Very low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

Adverse events (number) Asymptomatic hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D plus calcium changes adverse events (number) Asymptomatic hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria compared with calcium (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.29 [0.22, 83.57]
1 study · 37 participants
Very low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

All‐cause mortality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

Health‐related quality of life

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

Growth pattern

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

Socioeconomic effects

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs no calcium supplementation

Weight (g) ‐ weight at 6 weeks · preterm hospitalised infants

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Low

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs no calcium supplementation

Length (cm) · preterm hospitalised infants

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Low

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs no calcium supplementation

Head circumference (cm) ‐ head circumference at 6 weeks · preterm hospitalised infants

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Low

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs no calcium supplementation

Bone fracture (neonatal) ‐ not measured · preterm hospitalised infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs no calcium supplementation

Growth (childhood/adulthood) ‐ not measured · preterm hospitalised infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs no calcium supplementation

Bone mineral density (infant/childhood/adulthood) ‐ not measured · preterm hospitalised infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs no calcium supplementation

Fracture (childhood/adulthood) ‐ not measured · preterm hospitalised infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo or no intervention

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · healthy pregnant women receiving calcium supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (a) Birth prior to 37 weeks compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.7, 1.05]
13 studies · 16139 participants
Moderate

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo or no intervention

Preterm birth less than 34 weeks' gestation · healthy pregnant women receiving calcium supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (b) Birth prior to 34 weeks compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.8, 1.36]
4 studies · 5669 participants
Moderate

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo or no intervention

Low birthweight · healthy pregnant women receiving calcium supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in low birthweight (< 2500 g) compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.81, 1.07]
6 studies · 14162 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo or control

Persons with hypercalcaemia ‐ Vitamin D (D2, D3 or 25(OH)D) plus calcium (1 year estimate) · post‐menopausal women and older people at risk of osteoporotic fractures

Vitamin D [D2, D3 or 25(OH)D] plus calcium showed no clear difference in persons with hypercalcaemia ‐ Vitamin D (D2, D3 or 25(OH)D) plus… compared with control or placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.29 [0.37, 29.14]
2 studies · 3853 participants
Low