Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Patients with carious pulp exposure in permanent teeth undergoing DPC or pulpotomy
MTA achieved higher clinical and radiographic success than calcium hydroxide overall (OR 2.94, 95% CI 1.96-4.49; low certainty), but this unadjusted estimate pools clinically heterogeneous DPC and pulpotomy studies.
1 finding from 1 review
Continued root formation / root development · Patients with carious pulp exposure in permanent teeth (predominantly immature) undergoing DPC or pulpotomy
Evidence on continued root formation for calcium hydroxide versus MTA is weak and inconclusive (3 RCTs, not pooled; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Patients with carious pulp exposure in permanent teeth undergoing pulpotomy
MTA and CEM performed comparably for clinical and radiographic success (2 RCTs, not pooled; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Adults aged 18 years or older with mature permanent teeth and carious pulp exposure
Partial pulpotomy with calcium hydroxide had a pooled success rate of 34.3%.
1 finding from 1 review
Enamel resistance to demineralization (microhardness / lesion depth) · Extracted human teeth with early/artificial enamel lesions (in vitro)
Low-quality in vitro evidence suggests remineralising additives may reduce mineral loss, but no firm conclusion can be drawn.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
4 studies
GRADE not reported
Remineralisation of early enamel caries · Children with early enamel caries (permanent dentition)
One trial found 6% sodium fluoride plus 6% calcium fluoride varnish significantly reversed early enamel caries versus no treatment; ungraded and not meta-analysed.
1 finding from 1 review
Enamel demineralization (DIAGNOdent score) · Patients undergoing fixed orthodontic (fixed appliance) treatment (adolescents and adults, ages 12 to 35)
A single triple-blinded RCT found the ACP-containing adhesive reduced enamel demineralization versus a conventional adhesive over 6 months (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Immediate (24 h) resin-dentin bond strength (MPa) · Artificial caries-affected dentin (ACAD) in extracted permanent human teeth (in vitro)
In the Self-Etch adhesive + chemical ACAD protocol network, Calcium Phosphate vs Fluorine showed no significant difference in 24 h bond strength (MD 2.140, 95% CI -1.506 to 5.787; Moderate certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Immediate (24 h) resin-dentin bond strength (MPa) · Artificial caries-affected dentin (ACAD) in extracted permanent human teeth (in vitro)
In the Self-Etch adhesive + chemical ACAD protocol network, Calcium Phosphate vs Control showed no significant difference in 24 h bond strength (MD 1.539, 95% CI -1.738 to 4.817; Moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
White spot lesions assessed by laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent) · Patients undergoing fixed orthodontic (fixed appliance) treatment (adolescents and adults, ages 12 to 35)
A single small split-mouth RCT found the nCaF2-containing primer reduced demineralization (DIAGNOdent) but showed no significant clinical white spot lesion difference at debonding (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Adults aged 18 years or older with mature permanent teeth and carious pulp exposure
Partial pulpotomy with MTA or Biodentine had a pooled success rate of 86.8%.
1 finding from 1 review
Whitening (bleaching) efficacy · Demineralised / white-spot-lesion enamel (in vitro specimens)
Low-quality in vitro evidence indicates that adding fluoride or other remineralising agents does not impair the whitening/bleaching effect (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Enamel mineral loss / remineralisation · Demineralised / white-spot-lesion enamel (in vitro specimens)
Low-quality in vitro evidence indicates that adding fluoride, calcium or CPP-ACP to bleaching agents can reduce enamel mineral loss (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Enamel remineralization extent · Human enamel specimens around orthodontic brackets (in vitro)
In vitro, a nano-CaF2-containing orthodontic cement showed significant enamel remineralization versus control in a single study (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Enamel remineralization extent · Human enamel specimens around orthodontic brackets (in vitro)
In vitro, n-ACP-containing orthodontic adhesives showed significant enamel remineralization versus control in both studies, but evidence is weak (only 2 studies; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Enamel remineralization extent and color change · Human enamel specimens around orthodontic brackets (in vitro)
In vitro, an n-AFCP-containing orthodontic primer showed significant enamel remineralization and less color change versus control in a single study (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Restoration longevity · Patients with deep caries lesions in mature or immature permanent (posterior) teeth, with no symptoms or reversible pulpitis
Cavity liners may make little or no difference to restoration longevity (high success across groups; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Treatment failure · Patients with deep caries lesions in mature or immature permanent (posterior) teeth, with no symptoms or reversible pulpitis
The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of cavity liners on treatment failure; no significant difference between lined and unlined (or differently lined) restorations was found (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Postoperative hypersensitivity (POH), patient-reported (VAS score) · Patients with deep caries lesions in mature or immature permanent (posterior) teeth, with no symptoms or reversible pulpitis
The evidence is very uncertain whether cavity liners reduce postoperative hypersensitivity; no significant difference was found overall (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Tooth survival · Patients with deep caries lesions in mature or immature permanent (posterior) teeth, with no symptoms or reversible pulpitis
Cavity liners may make little or no difference to tooth survival (99.4% survival across groups; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review