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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,080 questions in 109 reviews · Acute Respiratory Infections
current versionsNo studies 132 · 12.2%Ungraded 90 · 8.3%Very low 169 · 15.6%Low 306 · 28.3%Moderate 287 · 26.6%High 96 · 8.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Throat irritation score · patients with common cold Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for the common cold (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 159 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Headache score · patients with common cold Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for the common cold (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 159 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Score of pain in muscles/joints score · patients with common cold Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for the common cold (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 2 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Cough score · patients with common cold Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for the common cold (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 159 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Rhinorrhoea score · patients with common cold Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for the common cold (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 199 participants | Moderate |
Normal saline plus standard treatment vs standard treatment alone Mean days to wellness Patient reports · patients with acute upper respiratory tract infections Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 111 participants | Very low |
Normal saline plus standard treatment vs standard treatment alone Antibiotic usage Patient‐reported usage · patients with acute upper respiratory tract infections Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.65 [0.29, 1.46] | 2 studies · 422 participants | Very low |
Normal saline plus standard treatment vs standard treatment alone Sore throat Patient‐reported symptoms Scale from: 1 to 4 · patients with acute upper respiratory tract infections Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 390 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Need for mechanical ventilation (invasive or not) · infants with bronchiolitis Heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.61, 1.49] | 4 studies · 408 participants | High |
Intervention NR Rate of intubation (all reasons) · infants with bronchiolitis Heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.73 [0.96, 7.75] | 4 studies · 408 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Rate of emergency department discharge · infants with bronchiolitis Heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.17, 1.55] | 1 study · 69 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Length of treatment · infants with bronchiolitis Heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 320 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Length of treatment ‐ nCPAP · infants with bronchiolitis Heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in clinical respiratory scores (m‐WCAS) within the first hour after starting heliox treatment · infants with bronchiolitis Heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 138 participants | Moderate |
Should short‐course antibiotic therapy vs prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy be used Mortality · hospital‐acquired pneumonia Short‐course versus prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in critically ill… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.18 [0.77, 1.8] | 3 studies · 598 participants | Moderate |
Should short‐course antibiotic therapy vs prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy be used Mortality NF‐GNB · hospital‐acquired pneumonia Short‐course versus prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in critically ill… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.39, 2.27] | 2 studies · 179 participants | Low |
Should short‐course antibiotic therapy vs prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy be used Mortality MRSA · hospital‐acquired pneumonia Short‐course versus prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in critically ill… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.28 [0.32, 5.09] | 1 study · 42 participants | Moderate |
Should short‐course antibiotic therapy vs prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy be used Recurrence of pneumonia Clinical and/or microbiological criteria · hospital‐acquired pneumonia Short‐course versus prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in critically ill… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.41 [0.94, 2.12] | 19 studies · 733 participants | Low |
Should short‐course antibiotic therapy vs prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy be used Recurrence of pneumonia NF‐GNB Clinical and/or microbiological criteria · hospital‐acquired pneumonia Short‐course versus prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in critically ill… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 2.18 [1.14, 4.16] | 2 studies · 176 participants | Moderate |
Should short‐course antibiotic therapy vs prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy be used Recurrence of pneumonia MRSA Clinical and/or microbiological criteria · hospital‐acquired pneumonia Short‐course versus prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in critically ill… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.56 [0.12, 19.61] | 2 studies · 49 participants | Moderate |
Should short‐course antibiotic therapy vs prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy be used 28‐day antibiotic‐free days · hospital‐acquired pneumonia Short‐course versus prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in critically ill… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 431 participants | Low |
Intervention NR The rate of improvement in CT images ( · adults with diffuse panbronchiolitis Macrolides for diffuse panbronchiolitis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 15.38 [1.05, 225.73] | 1 study · 19 participants | Low |
Intervention NR The rate of progress in CT images ( · adults with diffuse panbronchiolitis Macrolides for diffuse panbronchiolitis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.06 [0, 0.88] | 1 study · 19 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Duration of mechanical ventilation (hours) · critically ill infants with bronchiolitis Surfactant therapy for bronchiolitis in critically ill infants (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 79 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Duration of ICU stay (days) · critically ill infants with bronchiolitis Surfactant therapy for bronchiolitis in critically ill infants (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 79 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR PO2/FiO2 ratio at 12 hours · critically ill infants with bronchiolitis Surfactant therapy for bronchiolitis in critically ill infants (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 60 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR PO2/FiO2 ratio at 24 hours · critically ill infants with bronchiolitis Surfactant therapy for bronchiolitis in critically ill infants (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 60 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR PCO2 at 12 hours (mmHg) · critically ill infants with bronchiolitis Surfactant therapy for bronchiolitis in critically ill infants (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 60 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR PCO2 at 24 hours (mmHg) · critically ill infants with bronchiolitis Surfactant therapy for bronchiolitis in critically ill infants (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 60 participants | Moderate |
Antihistamines vs placebo Change in severity of overall symptoms: short‐term Subjective severity score · patients with the common cold Antihistamines for the common cold (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.74 [0.6, 0.92] | 3 studies · 1490 participants | Moderate |
Antihistamines vs placebo Change in severity of overall symptoms: intermediate‐term (3 to 4 days) Subjective severity score · patients with the common cold Antihistamines for the common cold (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.19 [0.67, 2.11] | 1 study · 234 participants | High |
Antihistamines vs placebo Change in severity of overall symptoms: long‐term (6 to 10 days) Subjective severity score · patients with the common cold Antihistamines for the common cold (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.71 [0.41, 1.22] | 3 studies · 1551 participants | High |
Sedating antihistamines vs placebo Change in severity of overall symptoms: short‐term (1 to 2 days) Subjective severity score · patients with the common cold Antihistamines for the common cold (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.76 [0.61, 0.95] | 2 studies · 1427 participants | High |
Sedating antihistamines vs placebo Change in severity of overall symptoms: long‐term (6 to 10 days) Subjective severity score · patients with the common cold Antihistamines for the common cold (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.71 [0.41, 1.22] | 3 studies · 1551 participants | High |
Gamma‐globulin vs control (saline or no treatment) Rubella cases Initial meta‐analysis ‐ clinical diagnosis or serology +/‐ virus isolation +/‐ clinical signs · susceptible people exposed to rubella Post‐exposure passive immunisation for preventing rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.45, 0.83] | 11 studies · 389 participants | Moderate |
Gamma‐globulin vs control (saline or no treatment) Subgroup: rubella cases Estimated dose 0.027 to 0.037 ml/lb11 Clinical diagnosis by 2 physicians · susceptible people exposed to rubella Post‐exposure passive immunisation for preventing rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.6 [0.57, 4.52] | 1 study · 24 participants | Low |
Gamma‐globulin vs control (saline or no treatment) Subgroup: rubella cases Estimated dose 0.1 to 0.15 ml/lb11 Serology +/‐ virus isolation +/‐ clinical signs · susceptible people exposed to rubella Post‐exposure passive immunisation for preventing rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.29, 0.99] | 3 studies · 37 participants | High |
Gamma‐globulin vs control (saline or no treatment) Subgroup: rubella cases Estimated dose 0.2 to 0.5 ml/lb11 Serology +/‐ virus isolation +/‐ clinical signs · susceptible people exposed to rubella Post‐exposure passive immunisation for preventing rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.04, 1] | 3 studies · 28 participants | Moderate |
Gamma‐globulin vs control (saline or no treatment) Cases of congenital rubella infection ‐ not measured · susceptible people exposed to rubella Post‐exposure passive immunisation for preventing rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Gamma‐globulin vs control (saline or no treatment) Cases of congenital rubella syndrome ‐ not measured · susceptible people exposed to rubella Post‐exposure passive immunisation for preventing rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Gamma‐globulin vs control (saline or no treatment) Adverse events ‐ not measured · susceptible people exposed to rubella Post‐exposure passive immunisation for preventing rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Montelukast vs placebo Length of hospital stay · infants and young children with bronchiolitis Leukotriene inhibitors for bronchiolitis in infants and young children (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 136 participants | Low |
Montelukast vs placebo All‐cause mortality Deaths · infants and young children with bronchiolitis Leukotriene inhibitors for bronchiolitis in infants and young children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.51 [0.12, 52.16] | 1 study · 952 participants | Ungraded |
Montelukast vs placebo Clinical severity score (day 2) · infants and young children with bronchiolitis Leukotriene inhibitors for bronchiolitis in infants and young children (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 136 participants | Low |
Montelukast vs placebo Clinical severity score (day 3) · infants and young children with bronchiolitis Leukotriene inhibitors for bronchiolitis in infants and young children (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 132 participants | Low |
Montelukast vs placebo Clinical adverse effects · infants and young children with bronchiolitis Leukotriene inhibitors for bronchiolitis in infants and young children (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1063 participants | Ungraded |
Shared decision making vs usual care Antibiotics prescribed or dispensed (6 weeks or less) · antibiotic use in acute respiratory infections Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.55, 0.68] | 8 studies · 10172 participants | Moderate |
Shared decision making vs usual care Antibiotics prescribed or dispensed (12 months or greater) · antibiotic use in acute respiratory infections Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.49, 1.11] | 3 studies · 481588 participants | Low |
Shared decision making vs usual care Patient initiated re‐consultations for the same illness episode · antibiotic use in acute respiratory infections Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.74, 1.03] | 4 studies · 1861 participants | Moderate |
Shared decision making vs usual care Patient satisfaction with the consultation · antibiotic use in acute respiratory infections Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.86 [0.57, 1.3] | 2 studies · 1052 participants | Low |