Caffeinated (experimental group) showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with decaffeinated group (control group) (low certainty).
Routine/revealed probably leads to lower detection of multiple pregnancy by 24 to 26 weeks' gestation (number… compared with selective/concealed ultrasound (moderate certainty).
Routine/revealed may leads to lower induction of labour for 'post‐term' pregnancy compared with selective/concealed ultrasound (low certainty).
Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (a) Birth prior to 37 weeks compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).
Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (b) Birth prior to 34 weeks compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).
All diet and/or exercise interventions showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with standard/other care (moderate certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in preterm birth (low certainty).
Vitamin A alone showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).
It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes preterm birth (< 37 weeks) compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).
Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and… led to lower maternal clinical malaria or other infection in pregnancy compared with daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes; GRADE not reported.
Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and… showed no clear difference in premature birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation) compared with daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐infant outcomes (low certainty).
Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and… led to lower maternal death (death while pregnant or within 42 days of… compared with daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes; GRADE not reported.
Test of placental function showed no clear difference in preterm birth (before 37 weeks' gestation) reported gestation at birth compared with standard care (low certainty).
Universal screening leads to higher thyroid dysfunction diagnosed in pregnancy: hypothyroid compared with case finding (high certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.