Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,310 questions · 1,358 findings · 214 reviews

No studies found 230 · 16.9%GRADE not reported 169 · 12.4%Very low 269 · 19.8%Low 277 · 20.4%Moderate 291 · 21.4%High 122 · 9%

Nalbuphine vs morphine

Number of patients with moderate/severe pain (1 hour postoperatively) · children undergoing surgery

Nalbuphine showed no clear difference in number of patients with moderate/severe pain (1 hour postoperatively) compared with morphine (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

High dose clonidine vs low dose clonidine

Number requiring additional analgesia required postoperatively ‐ moderate quality studies · patients with postoperative pain

High dose clonidine may leads to lower number requiring additional analgesia required postoperatively ‐… compared with low dose clonidine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Canakinumab vs triamcinolone acetonide

Inflammation: participants with no swelling at 72 hours (canakinumab 150 mg) Assessed by the investigator as no swelling, mild/palpable, moderate/visible, severe/bulging beyond the joint margins · acute gout

Canakinumab probably leads to higher inflammation: participants with no swelling at 72 hours (canakinumab… compared with triamcinolone acetonide (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

"Moderate" benefit At least 30% reduction in pain · neuropathic pain (5 studies in painful diabetic neuropathy and polyneuropathy)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Patient Global Impression of Change much or very much improved (patient global evaluation of pain relief complete, good or moderate) · neuropathic pain (6 studies in central neuropathic pain due to multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, polyneuropathy, central post‐stroke…
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

"Moderate" benefit At least 30% reduction in pain · adults with peripheral neuropathic pain conditions
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Patient Global Impression of Change much or very much improved (PGPR "complete", "a lot", or "moderate") · adults with neuropathic pain (3 studies in painful diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia)
1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo

Moderate exacerbations (course of antibiotics or oral steroids) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists probably leads to lower moderate exacerbations (course of antibiotics or oral steroids) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo

Moderate‐to‐severe exacerbations (rate) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists showed no clear difference in severe/moderate exacerbations (hospitalisation or course of… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2.5% to 5.25% vs Sodium hypochlorite 1%

Proportion of participants with moderate to severe pain 72 hours to 14 days after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or periapical…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% vs Normal saline

Proportion of participants with moderate to severe pain 72 hours to 14 days after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or periapical…

Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% showed no clear difference in proportion of participants with moderate to severe pain 72 hours to… compared with normal saline; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Sodium hypochlorite 1.3% with MTAD final rinse vs Sodium hypochlorite 1.3% with normal saline final rinse

Proportion of participants with moderate to severe pain up to 6 hours after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or periapical…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review