What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

• Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 118 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 72 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings: SLT vs no SLT (immediate outcome)

Summary of findings: SLT may leads to higher expressive language: general compared with no SLT (immediate outcome) (low certainty).

• Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  SMD 1.28 [0.38, 2.19]
  7 studies · 248 participants
  Low

Therapist‐supported ICBT vs face‐to‐face CBT

• Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 343 participants
  Low

Therapist‐supported ICBT vs waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion group only control

• Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  19 studies · 1496 participants
  Low

Therapist‐supported ICBT vs unguided CBT

• Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 138 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings ‐ Intravenous lorazepam vs intravenous diazepam

Lorazepam IV probably leads to lower continuation of status requiring a different drug or general… compared with diazepam IV (moderate certainty).

• Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.63 [0.45, 0.88]
  3 studies · 264 participants
  Moderate

Oestrogen vs placebo or no treatment

Oestrogen may leads to higher incontinence not improved (generic inverse variance) (women's… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.32 [1.17, 1.48]
  6 studies · 6151 participants
  Low

Oestrogen + other treatments vs placebo

Oestrogen + other treatments probably leads to higher incontinence not improved (generic inverse variance) (women's… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [1.04, 1.18]
  3 studies · 10635 participants
  Moderate

Oestrogen vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether oestrogen changes incontinence not improved (generic inverse variance) (women's… compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.74 [0.64, 0.86]
  4 studies · 213 participants
  Very low

Whole body vibration vs an active physical therapy (short‐term effects)

• Whole‐body vibration training for patients with neurodegenerative disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 45 participants
  Low

Whole body vibration vs an active physical therapy (short‐term effects)

• Whole‐body vibration training for patients with neurodegenerative disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 45 participants
  Low

Whole body vibration vs an active physical therapy (long‐term effects)

• Whole‐body vibration training for patients with neurodegenerative disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 42 participants
  Very low

Whole body vibration vs an active physical therapy (long‐term effects)

• Whole‐body vibration training for patients with neurodegenerative disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 42 participants
  Very low

Whole body vibration vs an active physical therapy (long‐term effects)

• Whole‐body vibration training for patients with neurodegenerative disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 42 participants
  Very low

Add‐on lamotrigine vs placebo

Add‐on lamotrigine may leads to higher 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.88 [1.43, 2.45]
  2 studies · 270 participants
  Low

Add‐on lamotrigine vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether add‐on lamotrigine changes seizure freedom (i.e. total cessation of seizure activity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.55 [0.89, 2.72]
  2 studies · 270 participants
  Very low

Add‐on lamotrigine vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether add‐on lamotrigine changes treatment withdrawal compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.2 [0.72, 1.99]
  2 studies · 270 participants
  Very low

Add‐on lamotrigine vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether add‐on lamotrigine changes adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.29, 2.86]
  2 studies · 270 participants
  Very low

Clobazam vs carbamazepine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found