Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

660 questions · 679 findings · 99 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 160 · 23.6%GRADE not reported 17 · 2.5%Very low 199 · 29.3%Low 189 · 27.8%Moderate 97 · 14.3%High 17 · 2.5%

HALOPERIDOL vs chlorpromazine

Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more than 1 injection · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more that 1 injection compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. CHLORPROMAZINE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL

Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injections during 24 hours · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

HALOPERIDOL may leads to lower repeated need for tranquillisation needing additional injection… compared with PLACEBO/NIL (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL

Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more than 1 injection · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

HALOPERIDOL probably leads to higher repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more than 1 injection compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE

Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more than 3 injections · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more than 3 injections compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: k. ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs ARIPIPRAZOLE

Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injection · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

HALOPERIDOL may leads to lower repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ needing additional… compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs lorazepam

Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more than 1 injection · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes repeated need for rapid tranquillisation more than 1 injection compared with BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

PIPP score during post‐injection period Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

DAN score during the post‐injection period Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture
1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding vs other interventions, oral water, or no treatment

All pain scores during injection Due to range of pain scores used, data analysed using SMDs. Pain scores were measured during and up to 3 minutes following completion of vaccination. · Infants 1 to 12 months during vaccination
2 findings from 1 review

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo

Injection site reactions ‐ induration ‐ swelling · patients with local and systemic reactions

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus… showed no clear difference in injection site reactions ‐ induration ‐ swelling compared with saline placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo

Injection site pain · patients with local and systemic reactions

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus… probably leads to higher injection site reactions ‐ pain at injection site compared with saline placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo

Injection site reactions ‐ erythema ‐ redness · patients with local and systemic reactions

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus… showed no clear difference in injection site reactions ‐ erythema ‐ redness compared with saline placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Peribulbar vs retrobulbar

Need for additional injection Number of additional injections · patients undergoing cataract surgery

Peribulbar showed no clear difference in need for additional injection Number of additional injections compared with retrobulbar (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to reduce blood loss during myomectomy for fibroids vs placebo or no treatment

Intravenous injection of tranexamic acid · women with uterine fibroids

Interventions to reduce blood loss during myomectomy for fibroids showed no clear difference in intravenous injection of tranexamic acid compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Mean time from injection to placenta removal Mean time from injection to placenta removal. · women with retained placenta
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain between injection and discharge from labour ward Maternal pain between injection and discharge from labour ward · women with retained placenta

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes maternal pain between injection and discharge from labour ward… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Nausea between injection and discharge from labour ward Nausea between injection and discharge from labour ward · women with retained placenta

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes nausea between injection and discharge from labour ward Nausea… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Herbal medicines vs supportive therapy

Number of patients died of cardiac failure ‐ Astragaloside injection versus support therapy · patients with viral myocarditis

It is very uncertain whether herbal medicines changes number of patients died of cardiac failure: Astragaloside injection… compared with supportive therapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review