Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Creatinine phosphate 1g/day for 6 months · patients with heart failure Creatine and creatine analogues in hypertension and cardiovascular disease (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 79 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Creatinine phosphate 1g/day for 3 months · patients with heart failure Creatine and creatine analogues in hypertension and cardiovascular disease (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hip Fracture · adults 40 years or older Thiazide diuretics and the risk of hip fracture (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.64, 0.89] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Hip Fracture · adults 40 years or older Thiazide diuretics and the risk of hip fracture (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
On site voluntary testing and counselling vs Voucher Uptake of testing · patients with uptake of HIV testing Interventions to reduce risky sexual behaviour for preventing HIV infection in workers in occupational… (2011) · Cochrane | RR 14 [11.75, 16.68] | 1 study · 7482 participants | Moderate |
Theory based education vs alternative education Number of sex partners varying questions. Scale from: 0 to 20. · patients with reducing risky sexual behaviour Interventions to reduce risky sexual behaviour for preventing HIV infection in workers in occupational… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1048 participants | Ungraded |
rFSH vs urinary gonadotrophins: primary analyses Live birth (or ongoing pregnancy) by urinary gonadotrophin · patients with ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles Recombinant versus urinary gonadotrophin for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles (2011) · Cochrane | OR 0.97 [0.87, 1.08] | 28 studies · 7339 participants | High |
rFSH vs urinary gonadotrophins: primary analyses Live birth (or ongoing pregnancy) by urinary gonadotrophin ‐ rFSH versus HMG/HMG‐HP · patients with ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles Recombinant versus urinary gonadotrophin for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles (2011) · Cochrane | OR 0.84 [0.72, 0.99] | 11 studies · 3197 participants | High |
rFSH vs urinary gonadotrophins: primary analyses Live birth (or ongoing pregnancy) by urinary gonadotrophin ‐ rFSH versus FSH‐P · patients with ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles Recombinant versus urinary gonadotrophin for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles (2011) · Cochrane | OR 1.26 [0.96, 1.64] | 5 studies · 1430 participants | High |
rFSH vs urinary gonadotrophins: primary analyses Live birth (or ongoing pregnancy) by urinary gonadotrophin ‐ rFSH versus FSH‐HP · patients with ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles Recombinant versus urinary gonadotrophin for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles (2011) · Cochrane | OR 1.03 [0.86, 1.22] | 13 studies · 2712 participants | High |
rFSH vs urinary gonadotrophins: primary analyses OHSS by urinary gonadotrophin · patients with ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles Recombinant versus urinary gonadotrophin for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles (2011) · Cochrane | OR 1.18 [0.86, 1.61] | 32 studies · 7740 participants | High |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs placebo Severity of symptoms (rating from 0 = not present to 10 = severe) · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 48 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs other dopamine agonists Total sleep time (TST) · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 11 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs other dopamine agonists Number of drop outs due to adverse events · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | OR 0.59 | 3 studies · 504 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs other dopamine agonists Clinical Global Impressions ‐ Improvement of condition (CGI‐I) Rating of 1 = very much improved to 7 = very much worse · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 344 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs other dopamine agonists Self rated quality of sleep RLS‐6; scale satisfaction with sleep: 0 to 10 (= low satisfaction) · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 344 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs other dopamine agonists Quality of life RLS‐QoL: 0 to 60 (= severe impairment) · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 314 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs placebo Periodic limb movements in sleep index (PLMSI) PLMS per hour of sleep (4 trials) or time in bed (1 trial) · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 91 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs placebo Total sleep time (TST) · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 59 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs placebo Dropouts due to adverse events · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | OR 0.73 [0.05, 11.34] | 6 studies · 109 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs placebo Clinical Global Impressions ‐ Improvement of condition (CGI‐I) Rating of 1 = very much improved to 7 = very much worse · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 60 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs placebo Self rated quality of sleep SMD on SF‐A scale quality of sleep and VAS (0 to 10 = very good night) · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 60 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs placebo Quality of life VAS on life satisfaction (0 to 50 = high) · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 60 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs other dopamine agonists IRLS · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 383 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: levodopa vs other dopamine agonists Periodic limb movements per hour of time in bed (PLMI) · patients with restless legs syndrome Levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Low |
Oral ondansetron (weight based) vs placebo Rate of admission during ED stay · patients with vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis with mild to moderate dehydration Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.19, 0.83] | 3 studies · 465 participants | Moderate |
Oral ondansetron (weight based) vs placebo Adverse events · patients with vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis with mild to moderate dehydration Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 465 participants | Ungraded |
Oral ondansetron (weight based) vs placebo Rate of admission 72 hrs · patients with vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis with mild to moderate dehydration Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.34, 1.04] | 3 studies · 461 participants | Low |
Oral ondansetron (weight based) vs placebo Rate of admission in 72 hrs · patients with vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis with mild to moderate dehydration Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.43, 1.22] | 3 studies · 461 participants | Low |
Oral ondansetron (weight based) vs placebo Time to cessation of vomiting · patients with vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis with mild to moderate dehydration Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Oral ondansetron (weight based) vs placebo Rate of intravenous rehydration during ED stay · patients with vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis with mild to moderate dehydration Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.29, 0.59] | 3 studies · 465 participants | Moderate |
Oral ondansetron (weight based) vs placebo Rate of intravenous rehydration up to 72 hrs following discharge from ED (best ‐ worst scenario) · patients with vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis with mild to moderate dehydration Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.1, 0.38] | 3 studies · 461 participants | Low |
Oral ondansetron (weight based) vs placebo Rate of intravenous rehydration up to 72 hrs following discharge from ED (worst ‐ best scenario) · patients with vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis with mild to moderate dehydration Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.42, 0.76] | 3 studies · 461 participants | Low |
Oral ondansetron (weight based) vs placebo Proportion of patients with cessation of vomiting · patients with vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis with mild to moderate dehydration Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [1.19, 1.49] | 3 studies · 465 participants | Moderate |
Oral ondansetron (weight based) vs placebo Revisit rate · patients with vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis with mild to moderate dehydration Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.66, 1.79] | 3 studies · 460 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: dopamine agonists vs placebo IRLS · patients with restless legs syndrome according to IRLSSG, 18 years or older Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 studies · 6380 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: dopamine agonists vs levodopa Number of drop outs due to adverse events · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | OR 1.7 | 3 studies · 504 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: dopamine agonists vs levodopa Clinical Global Impressions ‐ Improvement of condition (CGI‐I) Rating of 1 = very much improved to 7 = very much worse · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.91, 1.56] | 2 studies · 422 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: dopamine agonists vs levodopa Subjective quality of sleep RLS‐6; scale satisfaction with sleep: 0 to 10 (= low satisfaction) · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 344 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: dopamine agonists vs levodopa Quality of life RLS‐QoL: 0 to 60 (= severe impairment) · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 314 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: dopamine agonists vs levodopa Number of patients experiencing adverse events · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | OR 2.87 [0.43, 19] | 3 studies · 461 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR IRLS all dopamine agonists · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 studies · 6380 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR IRLS cabergoline · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 127 participants | High |
Intervention NR IRLS lisuride · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 378 participants | High |
Intervention NR IRLS pergolide · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 97 participants | High |
Intervention NR IRLS pramipexole · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 2256 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: dopamine agonists vs placebo Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS Index) PLMS per hour of sleep (8 trials) or time in bed (7 trials) · patients with restless legs syndrome according to IRLSSG, 18 years or older Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 1141 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR IRLS ropinirole · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 2301 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR IRLS rotigotine · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 958 participants | High |
Intervention NR IRLS sumanirole · patients with restless legs syndrome Dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 263 participants | High |