What do systematic reviews say?

Early oral feeding vs delayed oral feeding

• Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 484 participants
  Moderate

Laparoscopic vs open total mesorectal excision

Laparoscopic showed no clear difference in 30‐day morbidity (total) compared with open total mesorectal excision (moderate certainty).

• Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.94 [0.8, 1.1]
  11 studies · 3397 participants
  Moderate

Laparoscopic vs open total mesorectal excision

• Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 3084 participants
  Moderate

ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS

• Acupuncture for schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 120 participants
  Moderate

Epinephrine vs epinephrine and any second endoscopic method

Epinephrine probably leads to lower mortality rate Number of deaths (30‐day mortality or in‐hospital… compared with epinephrine and any second endoscopic method (moderate certainty).

• Epinephrine injection versus epinephrine injection and a second endoscopic method in high‐risk bleeding ulcers 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.64
  18 studies · 1841 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Heparin‐bonded catheters for prolonging the patency of central venous catheters in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 200 participants
  Low

Pressure support vs T‐tube

• Pressure support versus T‐tube for weaning from mechanical ventilation in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 118 participants
  Low

Corticosteroids vs placebo compared

Corticosteroids showed no clear difference in death ‐ death at 180 days in total population randomised compared with placebo compared (high certainty).

• Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.64, 1.52]
  1 study · 180 participants
  High

Corticosteroids vs placebo compared

• Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 180 participants
  High

Intensive insulin therapy vs conventional insulin therapy

• Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 2748 participants
  High

Intensive insulin therapy vs conventional insulin therapy

• Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 2748 participants
  High

Intensive insulin therapy vs conventional insulin therapy

Intensive insulin therapy showed no clear difference in death ‐ at 30 days after ICU admission, in total population randomised compared with conventional insulin therapy (high certainty).

• Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.8, 1.1]
  2 studies · 2748 participants
  High

Intensive insulin therapy vs conventional insulin therapy

Intensive insulin therapy showed no clear difference in death ‐ at 180 days after ICU admission, in total population… compared with conventional insulin therapy (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.87 [0.76, 1]
  2 studies · 2748 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Protocolized versus non‐protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 1378 participants
  Low

Intranasal neostigmine vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment for myasthenia gravis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Infiltration injection local anaesthetic vs no local anaesthetic wound infiltration

It is very uncertain whether local anaesthetic wound infiltration changes proportion discharged as day surgery compared with no local anaesthetic wound infiltration (very low certainty).

• Wound infiltration with local anaesthetic agents for laparoscopic cholecystectomy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.55 [1.05, 2.28]
  1 study · 97 participants
  Very low

Fewer‐than‐four ports vs four ports

It is very uncertain whether fewer‐than‐four ports changes proportion discharged as day surgery compared with four ports (very low certainty).

• Fewer‐than‐four ports versus four ports for laparoscopic cholecystectomy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.7, 1.22]
  1 study · 50 participants
  Very low

Laparoscopy vs open appendicectomy

Laparoscopy showed no clear difference in total length of in‐patient stay (days) compared with open appendicectomy (low certainty).

• Laparoscopy for the management of acute lower abdominal pain in women of childbearing age 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 455 participants
  Low

Laparoscopy vs 'wait and see' strategy

• Laparoscopy for the management of acute lower abdominal pain in women of childbearing age 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 169 participants
  Low

PEEP vs zero end‐expiratory pressure (ZEEP) during mechanical ventilation

• Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) during anaesthesia for prevention of mortality and postoperative pulmonary… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 80 participants
  Very low