What do systematic reviews say?

Right lateral vs left lateral horizontal positioning

• Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 103 participants
  Low

Bad lung down vs good lung down

• Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  GRADE not reported

NMES vs control

• Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle weakness in adults with advanced disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 109 participants
  Low

Epinephrine vs placebo, no treatment or any other drugs

• Epinephrine for transient tachypnea of the newborn 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 20 participants
  Very low

Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) vs general anaesthesia

Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) showed no clear difference in any oxygen desaturation occurring 12‐24 hours following completion… compared with general anaesthesia (moderate certainty).

• Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.61, 1.11]
  2 studies · 48 participants
  Moderate

Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract

Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract showed no clear difference in death or oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract (high certainty).

• Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.86, 1.06]
  3 studies · 2009 participants
  High

Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract

Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract showed no clear difference in oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with porcine minced lung surfactant extract (low certainty).

• Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.19, 3.04]
  1 study · 54 participants
  Low

Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract

Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract showed no clear difference in oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract (moderate certainty).

• Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.79, 1.19]
  1 study · 749 participants
  Moderate

Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract

Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract showed no clear difference in oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with porcine minced lung surfactant extract (moderate certainty).

• Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.83, 1.31]
  8 studies · 773 participants
  Moderate

Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract

Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract probably leads to higher death or oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with porcine minced lung surfactant extract (moderate certainty).

• Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.3 [1.04, 1.64]
  3 studies · 448 participants
  Moderate

Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract

Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract showed no clear difference in death or oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract (high certainty).

• Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.89, 1.17]
  2 studies · 1133 participants
  High

Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine lung lavage surfactant

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine lung lavage surfactant

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract

Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract showed no clear difference in oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (all infants) compared with modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract (high certainty).

• Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.82, 1.11]
  5 studies · 1564 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on sleep‐disordered breathing in adults with obstructive sleep… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Music vs usual care

• Music interventions for mechanically ventilated patients 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 193 participants
  Low

PEEP vs zero end‐expiratory pressure (ZEEP) during mechanical ventilation

• Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) during anaesthesia for prevention of mortality and postoperative pulmonary… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 80 participants
  Very low

PEEP vs zero end‐expiratory pressure (ZEEP) during mechanical ventilation

• Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) during anaesthesia for prevention of mortality and postoperative pulmonary… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 80 participants
  Very low

Palivizumab vs motavizumab

Palivizumab showed no clear difference in supplemental oxygen therapy for RSV infection compared with motavizumab (moderate certainty).

• Monoclonal antibody for reducing the risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.49 [0.98, 2.26]
  2 studies · 7870 participants
  Moderate