Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,971 questions · 9,849 findings · 853 reviews

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No studies found 1,150 · 11.7%GRADE not reported 3,387 · 34.4%Very low 1,963 · 19.9%Low 1,809 · 18.4%Moderate 1,207 · 12.3%High 333 · 3.4%

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Intervention not reported

Nicotine patch · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine patch (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.96 [0.71, 1.29]
27 studies · 12602 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.07 [0.75, 1.54]
18 studies · 5551 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Nicotine EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine EC (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.79 [0.5, 1.23]
7 studies · 1642 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Non‐nicotine/placebo EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Bupropion · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in bupropion (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.35 [0.97, 1.92]
22 studies · 7231 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Nortriptyline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Varenicline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention leads to higher varenicline (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.33 [2.02, 2.68]
67 studies · 16430 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Cytisine · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention leads to higher cytisine (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.21 [1.66, 2.97]
7 studies · 3848 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Nicotine patch · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention leads to higher nicotine patch (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.37 [1.2, 1.56]
105 studies · 37319 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention leads to higher fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.41 [1.29, 1.55]
120 studies · 31756 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Nicotine EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention leads to higher nicotine EC (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.37 [1.73, 3.24]
16 studies · 3828 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Non‐nicotine/placebo EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐nicotine/placebo EC (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.16 [0.74, 1.8]
8 studies · 1094 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Bupropion · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention leads to higher bupropion (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.43 [1.26, 1.62]
71 studies · 14759 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Nortriptyline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention probably leads to higher nortriptyline (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.35 [1.02, 1.81]
10 studies · 1290 participants
Moderate

Herbal mouthwash vs Blank control

Gingival index (GI) · Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances)

Herbal mouthwash probably reduces the Gingival Index versus blank control in the short term (WMD -0.20, 95% CI -0.32 to -0.09; moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes
<=3 months (short-term) · Orthodontic patients undergoing orthodontic treatment (randomized controlled trials; multiple countries)
WMD -0.20 [-0.32, -0.09]
3 studies · 132 participants
Moderate

Chlorhexidine mouthwash vs placebo

Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

Chlorhexidine mouthwash reduced Plaque Index versus placebo, but certainty is very low.

1 finding from 1 review

The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes
≤ 3 months
Plaque Index was significantly reduced compared to placebos according to two studies [20; 32].
2 studies
Very low

Calcium hydroxide (CH) vs Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)

Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Patients with carious pulp exposure in permanent teeth undergoing DPC or pulpotomy

MTA achieved higher clinical and radiographic success than calcium hydroxide overall (OR 2.94, 95% CI 1.96-4.49; low certainty), but this unadjusted estimate pools clinically heterogeneous DPC and pulpotomy studies.

1 finding from 1 review

Comparative efficacy of materials used in patients undergoing pulpotomy or direct pulp capping in carious teeth: A… 2023 All outcomes
≥6 months; follow-up range 1-3 years · Dental/endodontic clinical settings across multiple countries (university, hospital, specialist and general dental practice); permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure · Unadjusted (all CH vs MTA studies)
OR 2.94 [1.93, 4.49]
10 studies · 900 participants
Low

Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Conventional orthodontic appliance treatment

Salivary caries-associated bacteria (S. mutans and Lactobacilli, subjects with >10^5 CFU/mL) · Orthodontic patients undergoing comprehensive treatment (late mixed or permanent dentition, no active caries)

Both included studies reported higher salivary caries-associated bacteria (S. mutans and Lactobacilli) with fixed appliances than clear aligners; not meta-analyzed (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

White spot lesions, plaque accumulation and salivary caries-associated bacteria in clear aligners compared to fixed… 2023 All outcomes
3 and 6 months · University/hospital orthodontic clinics and private practice (multiple countries)
Not meta-analyzed (insufficient number of studies). Both included observational studies (Mummolo 2020 [19]; Mummolo 2020 [25]) reported a higher number of subjects with S. mutans and Lactobacilli >10^5 CFU/mL in the…
2 studies
GRADE not reported

P11-4 + fluoride varnish vs CPP-ACFP

Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) · Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries…

P11-4 plus fluoride varnish did not differ significantly from CPP-ACFP (SMD -0.54, 95% CI -1.15 to 0.08; indirect evidence only); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE).

1 finding from 1 review

Comparison of therapies of white spot lesions: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. 2023 All outcomes
RCTs (clinical and in vitro); predominantly children and adolescents; orthodontic and non-orthodontic white spot lesions, early caries lesions, and artificial lesions
SMD -0.54 [-1.15, 0.08]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported

Gingivitis (assessed by gingival index or WHO criteria) vs Individuals without gingivitis

Poor oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) · Indians

Results were inconsistent and certainty was very low.

1 finding from 1 review

Impact of oral conditions on oral health-related quality of life among Indians- a systematic review and Meta-analysis. 2023 All outcomes
India
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 943 participants
Very low