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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Review versions

731 questions in 61 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol

current versions

No studies 57 · 7.8%Ungraded 39 · 5.3%Very low 186 · 25.4%Low 239 · 32.7%Moderate 171 · 23.4%High 39 · 5.3%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Amantadine vs placebo Dropouts · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.77, 1.26]	9 studies · 484 participants	Moderate
Amantadine vs placebo Adverse events as N of participants with at least one adverse event · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.19 [0.69, 2.06]	4 studies · 128 participants	Moderate
Amantadine vs placebo Abstinence (objective) N of subjects abstinent at the end of the study · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.13 [0.59, 2.13]	5 studies · 275 participants	Low
Amantadine vs placebo Abstinence at · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.49 [1.03, 2.15]	3 studies · 76 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation) (Any psychosocial intervention vs. control) Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.71 [0.34, 1.51]	3 studies · 264 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Low birth weight (< 2500 g) (Any psychosocial intervention vs. control) Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.72 [0.36, 1.43]	1 study · 160 participants	High
Intervention NR Days hospitalized after delivery (Any psychosocial intervention vs. control) Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to… (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 103 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Retention at treatment completion (Any psychosocial intervention vs. control) Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.93, 1.06]	9 studies · 743 participants	Low
Intervention NR Short term treatment retention (Any psychosocial intervention vs. control) Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.9, 1.1]	6 studies · 514 participants	Low
Intervention NR Positive urine at delivery (Any psychosocial intervention vs. control) Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.18 [0.52, 2.65]	2 studies · 217 participants	High
Intervention NR Positive urine drug test (end of treatment) (Any psychosocial intervention vs. control) Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.14 [0.75, 1.73]	3 studies · 367 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Retention at treatment completion (CM vs. control) Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.92, 1.16]	6 studies · 388 participants	Low
Intervention NR Retention at treatment completion (MIB interventions vs. control) Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.97 [0.89, 1.06]	3 studies · 355 participants	Low
Intervention NR Alcohol‐related problems: 4+ months—web/computer normative feedback · university or college students Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	15 studies · 11767 participants	Low
Intervention NR Alcohol‐related problems: 4+ months—individual face‐to‐face normative feedback · university or college students Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 2327 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Binge drinking: 4+ months (all delivery modes) · university or college students Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	16 studies · 11292 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Quantity of drinking: 4+ months (all delivery modes) · university or college students Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	32 studies · 21169 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Frequency: 4+ months—web/computer normative feedback · university or college students Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 9929 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Frequency: 4+ months—individual face‐to‐face normative feedback · university or college students Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 1464 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Frequency: 4+ months—group face‐to‐face normative feedback · university or college students Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 449 participants	Low
Intervention NR Peak BAC: 4+ months (all delivery modes) · university or college students Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 7198 participants	Low
Intervention NR Typical BAC: 4+ months—individual face‐to‐face normative feedback · university or college students Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 490 participants	Moderate
Any anticonvulsant vs placebo Dropout Number of participants who did not complete the treatment · patients with cocaine dependence Anticonvulsants for cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.95 [0.86, 1.05]	17 studies · 1695 participants	Moderate
Any anticonvulsant vs placebo Use of cocaine (self reported or objective) Number of participants who reported the use of cocaine during treatment, and/or number of participants with urine samples positive for cocaine · patients with cocaine dependence Anticonvulsants for cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.92 [0.84, 1.02]	9 studies · 867 participants	Moderate
Any anticonvulsant vs placebo Side effect Number of participants reporting at least 1 side effect and types of side effects experienced during treatment · patients with cocaine dependence Anticonvulsants for cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.39 [1.01, 1.9]	8 studies · 775 participants	Low
Any anticonvulsant vs placebo Craving (BSCS) Measured by validated scales (e.g. Brief Substance Craving Scale (BSCS)) · patients with cocaine dependence Anticonvulsants for cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 428 participants	Low
CBT (plus taper) vs taper Successful discontinuation of BZDs‐ post treatment Objective and subjective · patients with BZD harmful use, abuse or dependence Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.4 [1.05, 1.86]	9 studies · 423 participants	Moderate
CBT (plus taper) vs taper Successful discontinuation of BZDs‐ 12 month · patients with BZD harmful use, abuse or dependence Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.42 [0.89, 2.28]	5 studies · 284 participants	Moderate
CBT (plus taper) vs taper Reduce BZDs> 50% ‐ post treatment Objective · patients with BZD harmful use, abuse or dependence Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence (2015) · Cochrane	OR 0.93 [0.11, 8.18]	3 studies · 178 participants	Low
CBT (plus taper) vs taper Reduce BZDs> 50% ‐ 12 month · patients with BZD harmful use, abuse or dependence Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence (2015) · Cochrane	OR 1.07 [0.14, 8.21]	2 studies · 125 participants	Low
MI vs TAU Successful discontinuation of BZDs‐ post treatment Objective and subjective · patients with BZD harmful use, abuse or dependence Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 4.43 [0.16, 125.35]	2 studies · 34 participants	Very low
MI vs TAU Successful discontinuation of BZDs‐ 3 month · patients with BZD harmful use, abuse or dependence Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 3.46 [0.53, 22.45]	4 studies · 80 participants	Very low
Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention Drug use (objective) hair and urine analyses · drug‐using offenders Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.72 [0.51, 1]	2 studies · 237 participants	Low
Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention Drug use self reported dichotomous self report information · drug‐using offenders Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.61 [0.31, 1.18]	3 studies · 317 participants	Low
Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention Drug use self reported continuous self report information · drug‐using offenders Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 510 participants	Low
Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention Criminal activity dichotomous ‐ Arrests official records · drug‐using offenders Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.6 [0.32, 1.14]	1 study · 62 participants	Low
Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention Criminal activity dichotomous ‐ Re‐incarceration official records · drug‐using offenders Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.77 [0.36, 1.64]	3 studies · 472 participants	Low
Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention Criminal activity continuous mean number of crime dayes · drug‐using offenders Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 51 participants	Low
Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Antagonost (Naltrexone) vs no pharmacological Criminal activity dichotomous ‐ Reincarceration official records · patients with drug‐using offenders Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.4 [0.21, 0.74]	2 studies · 114 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Antagonost (Naltrexone) vs no pharmacological drug use (objective) urine screen · patients with drug‐using offenders Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.69 [0.28, 1.7]	1 study · 63 participants	Low
Intervention NR Retention in treatment · People with opioid dependence. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.83 [0.73, 0.95]	11 studies · 1391 participants	High
Intervention NR Morphine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 1027 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Self‐reported heroin use · People with opioid dependence. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 501 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Cocaine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence (2014) · Cochrane	SMD 0.1	6 studies · 919 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Benzodiazepine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence (2014) · Cochrane	SMD 0.05	6 studies · 859 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Retention in treatment · People with opioid dependence. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.82 [1.15, 2.9]	5 studies · 1001 participants	High
Intervention NR Morphine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 729 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Benzodiazepine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 336 participants	Moderate
Social competence vs usual curricula Marijuana use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.9 [0.81, 1.01]	4 studies · 9456 participants	Moderate
Combined programmes vs usual curricula Hard drug use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.85 [0.63, 1.14]	1 study · 693 participants	High