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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
915 questions in 93 reviews · Emergency and Critical Care
current versionsNo studies 141 · 15.4%Ungraded 22 · 2.4%Very low 216 · 23.6%Low 272 · 29.7%Moderate 188 · 20.5%High 76 · 8.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Heat and moisture exchangers (HME) vs heated humidifiers (HH) Pneumonia (Measured over 4‐21 days (median 4 days)) · ventilated adults (18 trials) and children (1 trial) Heat and moisture exchangers versus heated humidifiers for mechanically ventilated adults and children (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.73, 1.19] | 13 studies · 2251 participants | Low |
Aerosolized prostacyclin vs placebo Mortality · people with ARDS Aerosolized prostacyclins for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.17, 12.94] | 1 study · 14 participants | Very low |
Aerosolized prostacyclin vs placebo PaO2/FiO2 ratio5 · people with ARDS Aerosolized prostacyclins for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Very low |
Aerosolized prostacyclin vs placebo Improvement in mean pulmonary arterial pressure · people with ARDS Aerosolized prostacyclins for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Aerosolized prostacyclin vs placebo Adverse events7 · people with ARDS Aerosolized prostacyclins for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 81 participants | Very low |
Should high‐volume haemofiltration vs standard or usual dialysis be used ICU mortality · patients with sepsis High‐volume haemofiltration for sepsis in adults (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.19, 1.59] | 1 study · 19 participants | Low |
Should high‐volume haemofiltration vs standard or usual dialysis be used 28‐Day mortality · patients with sepsis High‐volume haemofiltration for sepsis in adults (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.6, 1.32] | 2 studies · 156 participants | Low |
Acetazolamide vs placebo Incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS)‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.39, 0.56] | 16 studies · 2301 participants | Moderate |
Dexamethasone vs placebo Incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS)‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.36, 1] | 4 studies · 176 participants | Low |
Dexamethasone vs placebo Incidence of high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE)‐ not reported · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dexamethasone vs placebo Incidence of high altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) ‐ not reported · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dexamethasone vs placebo Adverse events: General‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Acetazolamide vs placebo Incidence of high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE)‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1138 participants | Moderate |
Acetazolamide vs placebo Incidence of high altitude cerebral oedema (HACE)‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.48] | 6 studies · 1126 participants | Moderate |
Acetazolamide vs placebo Adverse events: Paresthesias‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | RR 5.53 [2.81, 10.88] | 5 studies · 789 participants | Low |
Acetazolamide vs placebo Adverse events: side effects‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.19 [1.36, 3.53] | 1 study · 400 participants | Low |
Budesonide vs placebo Incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS)‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.23, 0.61] | 2 studies · 132 participants | Low |
Budesonide vs placebo Incidence of high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE)‐ not reported · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Budesonide vs placebo Incidence of high altitude cerebral oedema (HACE)‐ not reported · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Budesonide vs placebo Adverse events: Side effects‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · people at risk of high altitude illness Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Continuous chest compression alone vs interrupted chest compression plus artificial ventilation Survival to hospital discharge · People with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [1.01, 1.46] | 3 studies · 3031 participants | High |
Continuous chest compression plus ventilation vs interrupted chest compression plus ventilation Survival at one year · Patients with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Continuous chest compression plus ventilation vs interrupted chest compression plus ventilation Neurological outcomes at hospital discharge (Rankin score ≤ 3) · Patients with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23555 participants | High |
Continuous chest compression plus ventilation vs interrupted chest compression plus ventilation Return of spontaneous circulation · Patients with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23697 participants | High |
Continuous chest compression plus ventilation vs interrupted chest compression plus ventilation Adverse effects Defined as any adverse event occurring post‐admission · Patients with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23711 participants | Moderate |
Continuous chest compression plus ventilation vs interrupted chest compression plus ventilation Quality of life · Patients with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Continuous chest compression alone vs interrupted chest compression plus artificial ventilation Survival to hospital admission · People with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.94, 1.48] | 1 study · 520 participants | Moderate |
Continuous chest compression alone vs interrupted chest compression plus artificial ventilation Survival at one year · People with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Continuous chest compression alone vs interrupted chest compression plus artificial ventilation Neurological outcomes at hospital discharge Measured as 'good' or 'moderate' with Cerebral Performance Category classification · People with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.94, 1.66] | 1 study · 1286 participants | Moderate |
Continuous chest compression alone vs interrupted chest compression plus artificial ventilation Return of spontaneous circulation · People with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Continuous chest compression alone vs interrupted chest compression plus artificial ventilation Adverse effects · People with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Continuous chest compression alone vs interrupted chest compression plus artificial ventilation Quality of life · People with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Continuous chest compression plus ventilation vs interrupted chest compression plus ventilation Survival to hospital discharge · Patients with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23648 participants | Moderate |
Continuous chest compression plus ventilation vs interrupted chest compression plus ventilation Survival to hospital admission · Patients with non‐trauma related out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23711 participants | High |
Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring Oxygen desaturation · patients undergoing PSA Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.48, 1.63] | 3 studies · 1272 participants | Moderate |
Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring Hypotension · patients undergoing PSA Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.36 [0.98, 5.69] | 1 study · 986 participants | Moderate |
Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring Emesis, pulmonary aspiration · patients undergoing PSA Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.1 [0.13, 75.88] | 1 study · 986 participants | Moderate |
Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring Airway interventions · patients undergoing PSA Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.94, 1.69] | 3 studies · 1272 participants | Moderate |
Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring Airway interventions adult subgroup analysis (aged ≥ 18 years)h · patients undergoing PSA Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [1.16, 1.79] | 2 studies · 1118 participants | Moderate |
Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring Recovery time · patients undergoing PSA Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PCT vs non‐PCT (standard care or CRP: primary outcomes) Mortality at longest · adult patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock Effectiveness and safety of procalcitonin evaluation for reducing mortality in adults with sepsis, severe… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.65, 1.01] | 10 studies · 1156 participants | Low |
PCT vs non‐PCT (standard care or CRP: primary outcomes) Mortality at 28 days · adult patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock Effectiveness and safety of procalcitonin evaluation for reducing mortality in adults with sepsis, severe… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.61, 1.31] | 4 studies · 316 participants | Low |
PCT vs non‐PCT (standard care or CRP: primary outcomes) Mortality at ICU discharge · adult patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock Effectiveness and safety of procalcitonin evaluation for reducing mortality in adults with sepsis, severe… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.5, 2.11] | 3 studies · 506 participants | Low |
PCT vs non‐PCT (standard care or CRP: primary outcomes) Mortality at hospital discharge · adult patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock Effectiveness and safety of procalcitonin evaluation for reducing mortality in adults with sepsis, severe… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.75, 1.27] | 7 studies · 805 participants | Moderate |
PCT vs non‐PCT (standard care or CRP: primary outcomes) Time receiving antimicrobial therapy (days) ‐ mean (SD) · adult patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock Effectiveness and safety of procalcitonin evaluation for reducing mortality in adults with sepsis, severe… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 313 participants | Very low |
PCT vs non‐PCT (standard care or CRP: primary outcomes) Participants with antimicrobial regimen changed from a broad to a narrower spectrum · adult patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock Effectiveness and safety of procalcitonin evaluation for reducing mortality in adults with sepsis, severe… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Any adverse event · Critically‐ill people Harms of off‐label erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for critically ill people (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.93, 1.21] | 8 studies · 3099 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Venous thromboembolism · Critically‐ill people Harms of off‐label erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for critically ill people (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.7, 1.41] | 13 studies · 18917 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mortality · Critically‐ill people Harms of off‐label erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for critically ill people (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.61, 0.92] | 25 studies · 930470 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for the main comparison: cough augmentation techniques vs no cough augmentation technique Extubation successa · critically‐ill mechanically‐ventilated adults and children requiring extubation from mechanical ventilation Cough augmentation techniques for extubation or weaning critically ill patients from mechanical ventilation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.58 [1.13, 2.2] | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |