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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

915 questions in 93 reviews · Emergency and Critical Care

current versions
No studies 141 · 15.4%Ungraded 22 · 2.4%Very low 216 · 23.6%Low 272 · 29.7%Moderate 188 · 20.5%High 76 · 8.3%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Intervention NR
Good neurological outcome · adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiac arrest (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.41 [1.12, 1.76]11 studies · 3914 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Survival · adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiac arrest (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.07 [0.95, 1.2]9 studies · 3871 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Adverse events – pneumonia · adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiac arrest (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.09 [1, 1.18]4 studies · 3634 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Adverse events – hypokalaemia · adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiac arrest (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.38 [1.03, 1.84]2 studies · 975 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Adverse events – arrhythmia · adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiac arrest (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.4 [1.19, 1.64]3 studies · 2163 participantsLow
Summary of findings table ‐ Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) vs conventional care
All‐cause mortality: all ECMO studies · severe cardiorespiratory failure and cardiac arrest
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critically ill adults (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.8 [0.7, 0.92]5 studies · 756 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) vs conventional care
All‐cause mortality: VV ECMO subgroup · severe cardiorespiratory failure and cardiac arrest
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critically ill adults (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.77 [0.62, 0.96]2 studies · 429 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) vs conventional care
All‐cause mortality: VA ECMO subgroup · severe cardiorespiratory failure and cardiac arrest
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critically ill adults (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.5 [0.18, 1.41]1 study · 42 participantsLow
Summary of findings table ‐ Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) vs conventional care
All‐cause mortality: ECPR subgroup · severe cardiorespiratory failure and cardiac arrest
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critically ill adults (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.76 [0.52, 1.13]2 studies · 285 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) vs conventional care
Major hemorrhage: all available studies · severe cardiorespiratory failure and cardiac arrest
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critically ill adults (2023) · Cochrane
RR 3.32 [1.9, 5.82]4 studies · 577 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) vs conventional care
Neurologic injury: all available studies · severe cardiorespiratory failure and cardiac arrest
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critically ill adults (2023) · Cochrane
RR 2.83 [0.36, 22.42]2 studies · 286 participantsModerate
Higher vs lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation
All‐cause mortality: range 1 mo to 1 y · adults admitted to the ICU
Higher versus lower fractions of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.01 [0.96, 1.06]16 studies · 9408 participantsVery low
Higher vs lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation
Proportion of participants with ≥ 1 serious adverse events according to International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice: range 3 d to 180 d · adults admitted to the ICU
Higher versus lower fractions of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.01 [0.96, 1.06]17 studies · 9466 participantsVery low
Higher vs lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation
Quality of life (any measure): range 180 d to 1 y · adults admitted to the ICU
Higher versus lower fractions of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 1649 participantsVery low
Higher vs lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation
Lung injury diagnosed after randomisation (composite outcome): range 4 d to 23 d · adults admitted to the ICU
Higher versus lower fractions of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.08 [0.85, 1.38]8 studies · 2048 participantsVery low
Higher vs lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation
Myocardial infarction diagnosed after randomisation: range ≤ 90 d · adults admitted to the ICU
Higher versus lower fractions of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.77 [0.51, 1.15]4 studies · 5002 participantsVery low
Higher vs lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation
Stroke diagnosed after randomisation: range 1 mo to 3 mo · adults admitted to the ICU
Higher versus lower fractions of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.08 [0.72, 1.64]5 studies · 6110 participantsVery low
Higher vs lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation
Sepsis diagnosed after randomisation: range 28 d to 60 d · adults admitted to the ICU
Higher versus lower fractions of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.85 [1.17, 2.93]3 studies · 752 participantsVery low
Oxygenation vs no oxygenation during the apnoeic period preceding intubation
Hospital stay · people requiring tracheal intubation
Oxygenation during the apnoeic phase preceding intubation in adults in prehospital, emergency department,… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Oxygenation vs no oxygenation during the apnoeic period preceding intubation
Incidence of severe hypoxaemia (SpO2 < 80%) · people requiring tracheal intubation
Oxygenation during the apnoeic phase preceding intubation in adults in prehospital, emergency department,… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.86 [0.66, 1.11]15 studies · 1802 participantsLow
Oxygenation vs no oxygenation during the apnoeic period preceding intubation
Incidence of hypoxaemia (SpO2 < 93%) · people requiring tracheal intubation
Oxygenation during the apnoeic phase preceding intubation in adults in prehospital, emergency department,… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.58 [0.23, 1.46]3 studies · 489 participantsLow
Oxygenation vs no oxygenation during the apnoeic period preceding intubation
Lowest recorded SpO2 (%) · people requiring tracheal intubation
Oxygenation during the apnoeic phase preceding intubation in adults in prehospital, emergency department,… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted15 studies · 1525 participantsLow
Oxygenation vs no oxygenation during the apnoeic period preceding intubation
ICU stay (days) · people requiring tracheal intubation
Oxygenation during the apnoeic phase preceding intubation in adults in prehospital, emergency department,… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 815 participantsLow
Oxygenation vs no oxygenation during the apnoeic period preceding intubation
First pass success rate · people requiring tracheal intubation
Oxygenation during the apnoeic phase preceding intubation in adults in prehospital, emergency department,… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1 [0.93, 1.08]8 studies · 826 participantsModerate
Oxygenation vs no oxygenation during the apnoeic period preceding intubation
Adverse eventse · people requiring tracheal intubation
Oxygenation during the apnoeic phase preceding intubation in adults in prehospital, emergency department,… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted10 studies · 997 participantsUngraded
Oxygenation vs no oxygenation during the apnoeic period preceding intubation
Mortality · people requiring tracheal intubation
Oxygenation during the apnoeic phase preceding intubation in adults in prehospital, emergency department,… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.84 [0.7, 1]6 studies · 1015 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Outcomes, Time point of assessment · relatives, patients, and healthcare professionals during resucitation
Family presence during resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
PTSD in the relatives IES (0 to 75; > 30 = presence of PTSD) measured at 3 months and > 3 months · relatives, patients, and healthcare professionals during resucitation
Family presence during resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 493 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Anxiety and depression in the relatives HADS (0 to 42; subscale score > 10 (range, 0 to 21) = presence of anxiety or depression) measured at 3 months and > 3 months · relatives, patients, and healthcare professionals during resucitation
Family presence during resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 493 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Grief in the relatives ICG (0 to 95; > 25 = presence of complicated grief) measured at 12 months TRIG (21 to 105; lower scores indicate higher levels of grief) measured at 3 and 9 months · relatives, patients, and healthcare professionals during resucitation
Family presence during resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 426 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
 · relatives, patients, and healthcare professionals during resucitation
Family presence during resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Survival of patients · relatives, patients, and healthcare professionals during resucitation
Family presence during resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 493 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Duration of resuscitation in minutes · relatives, patients, and healthcare professionals during resucitation
Family presence during resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 475 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Stress intensity in the medical team members VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no stress; 100 = maximum stress)Â · relatives, patients, and healthcare professionals during resucitation
Family presence during resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 1710 participantsVery low
Tociliuzumab vs standard care/placebo
Clinical improvement D28b · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.05 [1, 1.11]15 studies · 6116 participantsModerate
Sarilumab vs standard care/placebo
WHO progression score (level 7 or above) D28 · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.1 [0.9, 1.33]5 studies · 886 participantsVery low
Sarilumab vs standard care/placebo
All‐cause mortality D28 · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.06 [0.86, 1.3]9 studies · 3305 participantsVery low
Sarilumab vs standard care/placebo
All‐cause mortality D60 or more · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.95 [0.84, 1.07]6 studies · 3379 participantsVery low
Sarilumab vs standard care/placebo
Adverse events ( · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.12 [0.97, 1.28]4 studies · 860 participantsLow
Sarilumab vs standard care/placebo
Serious adverse events ( · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.09 [0.97, 1.21]6 studies · 2936 participantsLow
Clazakizumab vs standard care/placebo
Clinical improvement D28b · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.28 [0.97, 1.7]1 study · 152 participantsVery low
Clazakizumab vs standard care/placebo
Clinical improvement D60 or more · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.28 [0.99, 1.66]1 study · 152 participantsVery low
Clazakizumab vs standard care/placebo
WHO progression score (level 7 or above) D28 · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.66 [0.43, 1.01]1 study · 152 participantsVery low
Clazakizumab vs standard care/placebo
All‐cause mortality D28 · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.91 [0.54, 1.55]2 studies · 169 participantsVery low
Clazakizumab vs standard care/placebo
All‐cause mortality D60 or more · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.77 [0.49, 1.19]2 studies · 169 participantsVery low
Tociliuzumab vs standard care/placebo
Clinical improvement D60 or moref · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.1 [0.81, 1.48]1 study · 97 participantsVery low
Clazakizumab vs standard care/placebo
Adverse events ( · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.12 [0.2, 6.24]1 study · 17 participantsLow
Clazakizumab vs standard care/placebo
Serious adverse events ( · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.69 [0.46, 1.04]2 studies · 169 participantsLow
Olokizumab vs standard care/placebo
Clinical improvement D28b · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.1 [0.96, 1.24]1 study · 248 participantsVery low
Olokizumab vs standard care/placebo
Clinical improvement D60 or more ‐ not reported · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies