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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,361 questions · 1,518 findings · 352 reviews

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No studies found 73 · 4.8%GRADE not reported 211 · 13.9%Very low 500 · 32.9%Low 411 · 27.1%Moderate 252 · 16.6%High 71 · 4.7%

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)

Adverse effect: hypercalciuria As defined by trialists Time frame: 3 months · children under 5 years of age

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) showed no clear difference in adverse effect: hypercalciuria As defined by trialists Time frame: 3… compared with vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)

Hypercalcaemia · children under 5 years of age

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) showed no clear difference in adverse effect: hypercalcaemia As defined by trialists Time frame:… compared with vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: Higher bladder volume vs lower bladder volume

Acute and late GI toxicity (grade 2+) · Men undergoing RT for prostate cancer

Summary of findings: Higher bladder volume showed no clear difference in acute and late GI toxicity (grade 2+) compared with lower bladder volume (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher family income / socioeconomic status vs Lower income / worse socioeconomic status

Oral health-related quality of life · Adolescents (10-19 years)

Higher family income / better socioeconomic status is associated with better OHRQoL in adolescents (narrative synthesis; no pooled estimate or GRADE rating).

1 finding from 1 review
  • Oral-health-related quality of life in adolescents: umbrella review. 2023 All outcomes
    Community/school/clinic settings; adolescents 10-19 years; included reviews conducted in multiple countries
    Adolescents from families with higher incomes and higher levels of maternal education have better OHRQoL scores [34]. Worse oral health status, older age, female sex and worse socioeconomic status were significantly…
    Studies not reported
    GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration vs Lower circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration

Prostate cancer · Participants in observational studies

The meta-analysis of observational studies reported a OR of 0.99 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.12) for higher versus lower circulating vitamin D concentration.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration vs Lower circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration

Breast cancer · Participants in observational studies

The meta-analysis of observational studies reported a OR of 0.99 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.47) for higher versus lower circulating vitamin D concentration.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference)

Spine bone mineral density · Females (all ages)

Among females in low-to-moderate-risk-of-bias studies, the reported spine-BMD estimate above 2.35 mg/L water fluoride was MD 0.07 g/cm2 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.24; ungraded).

2 findings from 1 review

Higher BMI (continuous / per-unit increment) vs Lower BMI (continuous reference / per 1 kg/m2 decrement)

Dental caries in children · Children (approx. 4-18 years)

Pooling studies that used BMI as a continuous variable showed no significant association between per-unit BMI and childhood dental caries (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.03; I2=3.5%); ungraded.

3 findings from 1 review

Higher consumption of snacks / sugar / soft drinks vs Lower consumption

Dental caries · Healthy children and adolescents in the United Arab Emirates

Higher snacking and soft-drink/sugar consumption were associated with more caries in most studies, though one study found no association with sweet-consumption frequency (narrative synthesis; not GRADE-rated).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) vs lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration

Mortality (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) changes mortality (at the end of compared with lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) vs lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration

Pneumonia · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) changes pneumonia (until discontinued or up to 28 days) compared with lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher per-capita expenditure on dental health care vs Lower per-capita expenditure on dental health care (USD bands: $0-50 / $51-100 / >$100)

Caries experience (mean DMFT) · 12-year-old children across European countries (national/regional epidemiological surveys, 2011-2022)

Countries with higher per-capita dental expenditure had lower mean DMFT (>$100: 0.96; $51-100: 2.14; $0-50: 3.06) (Figure 4); not GRADE-rated.

3 findings from 1 review

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), higher dose/regimen vs Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), different (lower) dose/regimen

Oral mucositis (any severity) · Adults with cancer receiving treatment
1 finding from 1 review