Question · asked by 1 review
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference): Spine bone mineral density
- Population
- Females (all ages)
- Intervention
- Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure
- Comparison
- Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference)
- Outcome
- Spine bone mineral density
Among females in low-to-moderate-risk-of-bias studies, the reported spine-BMD estimate above 2.35 mg/L water fluoride was MD 0.07 g/cm2 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.24; ungraded).
What each review found
Include earlier review versionsNo studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 2 · 100%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
| Finding | Effect | Studies | GRADE certainty |
|---|---|---|---|
Higher drinking-water fluoride concentration vs Null/reference drinking-water fluoride exposure Spine bone mineral density · Females · Drinking water, Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: above 2.35 mg/L vs null Among females in low-to-moderate-risk-of-bias studies, the reported spine-BMD estimate above 2.35 mg/L water fluoride was MD 0.07 g/cm2 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.24; ungraded). The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) All outcomes | MD 0.07 [0.11, 0.24] | Not reported | GRADE not reported |
Higher drinking-water fluoride concentration vs Null/reference drinking-water fluoride exposure Spine bone mineral density · Females · Drinking water, Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: 0.7 to 2.35 mg/L vs null Among females in low-to-moderate-risk-of-bias studies, spine BMD was not statistically different from the null from 0.7 to 2.35 mg/L water fluoride (MD 0.06 g/cm2, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.12; ungraded). The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) All outcomes | MD 0.06 [-0.01, 0.12] | Not reported | GRADE not reported |
Findings are shown side by side, never pooled across reviews.
The reviews
| Review | Searched up to | Included studies | AMSTAR 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes | Inception to August 26, 2025 | 74 | Not applicable |
How reviews are matched to this question
Reviews word the same question differently. Four decision models (TypeSafe's Jev, Liquid AI's d1-ultra, SubQ Snap and Baseten's Elephant) judged each wording of the population, intervention, comparator and outcome against the others; two wordings count as the same when at least three of them agree and none clearly disagrees, and findings count as this question only when all four elements match. Timing, setting and subgroup never split a question: they are shown on each finding.