Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM41068882
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis.
Mazzoli Riccardo, Filippini Tommaso, Iamandii Inga, et al. · Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025 · PubMed · doi:10.1186/s12940-025-01226-y
Full textEvery question was extracted from the full text, figures and supplements by two independent LLM extractors, disagreements adjudicated. Rows cite where in the review the value comes from.
Questions
34
current version
GRADE rated
0
No studies
0
Included studies
74
linked below
No studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 34 · 100%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Substantially healthy population of any age | 37 observational studies (1945-2024); mainly USA (16) and Canada (2), Finland (5), Sweden (3), UK (3), plus Poland, Italy, Germany, China (2), Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; general populations, mostly adults, some children/adolescents |
| Intervention | Long-term fluoride exposure (drinking-water fluoride content, dietary intake, and/or biomarkers) | Drinking-water fluoride (mg/L or ppm) in most; urinary, dietary, serum, plasma, hair, toenail biomarkers in some (biomarker/dietary studies not pooled); pooled dose-response modeled with restricted cubic splines |
| Comparison | Outcomes reported across two or more categories of fluoride exposure (higher vs lower/null) | Lowest/null fluoride exposure category as reference |
| Outcomes | Bone density/strength (BMD, BMC, bone strength) and/or diagnosis of bone fractures | Fracture risk (all fractures, fragility, hip, femoral, wrist) and BMD (hip/femur, lumbar spine, whole-body); 10 studies BMD only, 19 fractures only, 8 both |
| Study designs | Any study type (trial, cohort, or case-control study) | 16 ecological, 12 cohort, 9 cross-sectional, 1 population-based case-control, 1 interventional (outcome-specific counts overlap across the two outcome sets) |
| Timing | Not specified | Studies published 1945-2024; long-term/lifetime exposure windows |
Search date: Inception to August 26, 2025. Databases: MEDLINE/PubMed; Embase; Web of Science
Questions and results
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference)
Population: General population (both sexes, all ages)
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Risk of fractures (any site) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Drinking-water fluoride 1.2 mg/L vs null Non-linear positive dose-response: little change in overall fracture risk below ~1.5 mg/L drinking-water fluoride, with risk increasing above that threshold (RR 1.06, 1.19, 1.35 at 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg/L vs null); ungraded (4 studies). Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on risk of fractures'; Fig. 2 · same question in other reviews | RR 1.00 [0.80, 1.24] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Drinking-water fluoride up to 0.9 mg/L vs null Fragility-fracture risk overall was slightly U-shaped: RR 0.93 up to 0.9 mg/L, ~1.00 at 1.48 mg/L, 1.05 at 1.8 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on risk of fragility fractures'; Fig. 3 · same question in other reviews | RR 0.93 [0.84, 1.02] | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Drinking-water fluoride 1.8 mg/L vs null Fragility-fracture risk overall was slightly U-shaped: RR 0.93 up to 0.9 mg/L, ~1.00 at 1.48 mg/L, 1.05 at 1.8 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on risk of fragility fractures'; Fig. 3 · same question in other reviews | RR 1.05 [0.82, 1.35] | NR | Ungraded |
Hip/femoral bone mineral density (BMD) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Both sexes, main dose-response Hip BMD increased with fluoride in both sexes (linearly in males, non-linearly above ~1.2 mg/L in females); no numeric MD reported in text for the main analysis; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on BMD'; Fig. 5 · same question in other reviews | Hip BMD increased in both sexes, linearly in males and non-linearly (starting above 1.2 mg/L) in females (no numeric MD reported in text for main analysis) | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Drinking-water fluoride 1.48 mg/L vs null Fragility-fracture risk overall was slightly U-shaped: RR 0.93 up to 0.9 mg/L, ~1.00 at 1.48 mg/L, 1.05 at 1.8 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on risk of fragility fractures'; Fig. 3 · same question in other reviews | RR 1.00 [0.82, 1.21] | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of femoral fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Drinking-water fluoride 1.8 mg/L vs null Femoral-fracture risk was mildly U-shaped: RR 0.86 at 0.5 mg/L rising to 1.06 at 1.8 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; risk mostly below null across the range; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on site-specific risk of fractures'; Fig. 4 · same question in other reviews | RR 1.06 [0.67, 1.69] | NR | Ungraded |
Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Sensitivity (excluding high risk-of-bias studies): 1.27 to 2.27 mg/L vs null Spine BMD showed an inverted U-shaped association with fluoride (peak ~0.6 mg/L); excluding high risk-of-bias studies gave small positive MDs (e.g., 0.05 g/cm2, 95% CI 0.01-0.10, up to 2.27 mg/L); ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on BMD'; Suppl. Fig. S13 · same question in other reviews | MD 0.05 [0.01, 0.10] | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of fractures (any site) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Drinking-water fluoride 4.0 mg/L vs null Non-linear positive dose-response: little change in overall fracture risk below ~1.5 mg/L drinking-water fluoride, with risk increasing above that threshold (RR 1.06, 1.19, 1.35 at 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg/L vs null); ungraded (4 studies). Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on risk of fractures'; Fig. 2 · same question in other reviews | RR 1.35 [0.94, 1.95] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Both sexes, main dose-response Spine BMD showed an inverted U-shaped association with fluoride (peak ~0.6 mg/L); excluding high risk-of-bias studies gave small positive MDs (e.g., 0.05 g/cm2, 95% CI 0.01-0.10, up to 2.27 mg/L); ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on BMD'; Fig. 5 · same question in other reviews | Inverted U-shaped association in both males and females, highest value around 0.6 mg/L (no numeric MD reported in text for main analysis) | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Sensitivity (excluding high risk-of-bias studies): 0.8-1.5 mg/L vs null Fragility-fracture risk overall was slightly U-shaped: RR 0.93 up to 0.9 mg/L, ~1.00 at 1.48 mg/L, 1.05 at 1.8 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on risk of fractures and fragility fractures'; Suppl. Fig. S10 · same question in other reviews | RR 0.93 [0.72, 1.21] | NR | Ungraded |
Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Sensitivity (excluding high risk-of-bias studies): 0.60 mg/L vs null Spine BMD showed an inverted U-shaped association with fluoride (peak ~0.6 mg/L); excluding high risk-of-bias studies gave small positive MDs (e.g., 0.05 g/cm2, 95% CI 0.01-0.10, up to 2.27 mg/L); ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on BMD'; Suppl. Fig. S13 · same question in other reviews | MD 0.06 [-0.02, 0.13] | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Sensitivity (excluding high risk-of-bias studies): 1.8 mg/L vs null Fragility-fracture risk overall was slightly U-shaped: RR 0.93 up to 0.9 mg/L, ~1.00 at 1.48 mg/L, 1.05 at 1.8 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on risk of fractures and fragility fractures'; Suppl. Fig. S10 · same question in other reviews | RR 0.95 [0.70, 1.29] | NR | Ungraded |
Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Sensitivity (excluding high risk-of-bias studies): above 2.27 mg/L vs null Spine BMD showed an inverted U-shaped association with fluoride (peak ~0.6 mg/L); excluding high risk-of-bias studies gave small positive MDs (e.g., 0.05 g/cm2, 95% CI 0.01-0.10, up to 2.27 mg/L); ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on BMD'; Suppl. Fig. S13 · same question in other reviews | MD 0.04 [-0.21, 0.30] | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of wrist fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Drinking-water fluoride 1.5 mg/L vs null Wrist-fracture risk declined nearly linearly with increasing fluoride: RR 1.00 at 0.01 mg/L to 0.84 at 1.5 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on site-specific risk of fractures'; Fig. 4 · same question in other reviews | RR 0.84 [0.43, 1.65] | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of hip fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Overall dose-response (0 to highest exposure) Overall hip-fracture risk showed little association with drinking-water fluoride and a nearly flat dose-response curve (narrow CI); no numeric RR reported in text; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on site-specific risk of fractures'; Fig. 4 · same question in other reviews | Curve indicated little association and was nearly flat, with a comparatively narrow 95% confidence band (no numeric RR reported in text) | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of fractures (any site) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Drinking-water fluoride 3.0 mg/L vs null Non-linear positive dose-response: little change in overall fracture risk below ~1.5 mg/L drinking-water fluoride, with risk increasing above that threshold (RR 1.06, 1.19, 1.35 at 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg/L vs null); ungraded (4 studies). Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on risk of fractures'; Fig. 2 · same question in other reviews | RR 1.19 [0.87, 1.64] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Risk of fractures (any site) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Drinking-water fluoride 2.0 mg/L vs null Non-linear positive dose-response: little change in overall fracture risk below ~1.5 mg/L drinking-water fluoride, with risk increasing above that threshold (RR 1.06, 1.19, 1.35 at 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg/L vs null); ungraded (4 studies). Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on risk of fractures'; Fig. 2 · same question in other reviews | RR 1.06 [0.80, 1.41] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Risk of femoral fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Drinking-water fluoride 0.5 mg/L vs null Femoral-fracture risk was mildly U-shaped: RR 0.86 at 0.5 mg/L rising to 1.06 at 1.8 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; risk mostly below null across the range; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on site-specific risk of fractures'; Fig. 4 · same question in other reviews | RR 0.86 [0.71, 1.05] | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of wrist fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Drinking-water fluoride 0.01 mg/L vs null Wrist-fracture risk declined nearly linearly with increasing fluoride: RR 1.00 at 0.01 mg/L to 0.84 at 1.5 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on site-specific risk of fractures'; Fig. 4 · same question in other reviews | RR 1.00 [0.99, 1.01] | NR | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference)
Population: Females (all ages)
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Hip/femoral bone mineral density (BMD) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: up to ~2.3 mg/L vs null In females (low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies), hip BMD rose monotonically above ~0.9 mg/L: MD 0.04 g/cm2 (95% CI -0.03-0.12) up to ~2.3 mg/L and 0.09 (-0.09-0.27) at 4.0 mg/L vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on BMD'; Suppl. Fig. S12 · same question in other reviews | MD 0.04 [-0.03, 0.12] | NR | Ungraded |
Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: 0.7-2.35 mg/L vs null In females (low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies), spine BMD rose then plateaued ~0.5 mg/L: MD 0.02 g/cm2 (95% CI -0.02-0.07) at 0.20 mg/L and 0.06 (-0.01-0.12) across 0.7-2.35 mg/L vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on BMD'; Suppl. Fig. S12 · same question in other reviews | MD 0.06 [-0.01, 0.12] | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Females: drinking-water fluoride 1.1 mg/L vs null In females, fragility-fracture risk was U-shaped: lowest ~0.4 mg/L, rising above 0.9 mg/L (RR 0.84 at 0.34, 1.00 at 0.9, 1.13 at 1.1 mg/L vs null); ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on risk of fragility fractures'; Fig. 3 · same question in other reviews | RR 1.13 [0.93, 1.37] | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Females: drinking-water fluoride 0.34 mg/L vs null In females, fragility-fracture risk was U-shaped: lowest ~0.4 mg/L, rising above 0.9 mg/L (RR 0.84 at 0.34, 1.00 at 0.9, 1.13 at 1.1 mg/L vs null); ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on risk of fragility fractures'; Fig. 3 · same question in other reviews | RR 0.84 [0.67, 1.07] | NR | Ungraded |
Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: 0.20 mg/L vs null In females (low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies), spine BMD rose then plateaued ~0.5 mg/L: MD 0.02 g/cm2 (95% CI -0.02-0.07) at 0.20 mg/L and 0.06 (-0.01-0.12) across 0.7-2.35 mg/L vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on BMD'; Suppl. Fig. S12 · same question in other reviews | MD 0.02 [-0.02, 0.07] | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Females: drinking-water fluoride 0.9 mg/L vs null In females, fragility-fracture risk was U-shaped: lowest ~0.4 mg/L, rising above 0.9 mg/L (RR 0.84 at 0.34, 1.00 at 0.9, 1.13 at 1.1 mg/L vs null); ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on risk of fragility fractures'; Fig. 3 · same question in other reviews | RR 1.00 [0.79, 1.27] | NR | Ungraded |
Hip/femoral bone mineral density (BMD) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: 4.0 mg/L vs null In females (low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies), hip BMD rose monotonically above ~0.9 mg/L: MD 0.04 g/cm2 (95% CI -0.03-0.12) up to ~2.3 mg/L and 0.09 (-0.09-0.27) at 4.0 mg/L vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on BMD'; Suppl. Fig. S12 · same question in other reviews | MD 0.09 [-0.09, 0.27] | NR | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference)
Population: Males
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Males: drinking-water fluoride 1.8 mg/L vs null In males (7 studies), fragility-fracture risk generally decreased with increasing fluoride: RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.72-0.97) at 0.57 mg/L to 0.87 (0.48-1.58) at 1.8 mg/L vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on risk of fragility fractures'; Fig. 3 · same question in other reviews | RR 0.87 [0.48, 1.58] | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Males: drinking-water fluoride 0.57 mg/L vs null In males (7 studies), fragility-fracture risk generally decreased with increasing fluoride: RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.72-0.97) at 0.57 mg/L to 0.87 (0.48-1.58) at 1.8 mg/L vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Dose-response meta-analysis on risk of fragility fractures'; Fig. 3 · same question in other reviews | RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.97] | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference)
Population: Females aged over 50 years
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Females over 50 years: drinking-water fluoride 0.45 mg/L vs null In females over 50, fragility-fracture risk rose steeply from ~0.5 mg/L: RR 0.98 at 0.25, 1.00 at 0.45, and 1.26 (95% CI 1.10-1.46) at 1.0 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on risk of fractures and fragility fractures'; Suppl. Fig. S6 · same question in other reviews | RR 1.00 [0.80, 1.24] | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Females over 50 years: drinking-water fluoride 0.25 mg/L vs null In females over 50, fragility-fracture risk rose steeply from ~0.5 mg/L: RR 0.98 at 0.25, 1.00 at 0.45, and 1.26 (95% CI 1.10-1.46) at 1.0 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on risk of fractures and fragility fractures'; Suppl. Fig. S6 · same question in other reviews | RR 0.98 [0.83, 1.14] | NR | Ungraded |
Risk of fragility fractures Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Females over 50 years: drinking-water fluoride 1.0 mg/L vs null In females over 50, fragility-fracture risk rose steeply from ~0.5 mg/L: RR 0.98 at 0.25, 1.00 at 0.45, and 1.26 (95% CI 1.10-1.46) at 1.0 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on risk of fractures and fragility fractures'; Suppl. Fig. S6 · same question in other reviews | RR 1.26 [1.10, 1.46] | NR | Ungraded |
Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · Females >50, spine BMD dose-response In females over 50, spine BMD showed an inverted U-shaped curve with a downward trend beginning at lower fluoride concentrations than in the overall analysis; no numeric MD reported in text; ungraded. Source: Results, 'Sensitivity analyses on risk of fractures and fragility fractures'; Suppl. Fig. S8 · same question in other reviews | Inverted U-shaped curve with a downward trend starting at lower fluoride concentrations than the overall analysis (no numeric MD reported in text) | NR | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride concentration vs Null/reference drinking-water fluoride exposure
Population: Females
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Spine bone mineral density Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: above 2.35 mg/L vs null Among females in low-to-moderate-risk-of-bias studies, the reported spine-BMD estimate above 2.35 mg/L water fluoride was MD 0.07 g/cm2 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.24; ungraded). Source: Results: Sensitivity analyses on BMD; Supplementary Fig. S12 · same question in other reviews | MD 0.07 [0.11, 0.24] | NR | Ungraded |
Spine bone mineral density Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: 0.7 to 2.35 mg/L vs null Among females in low-to-moderate-risk-of-bias studies, spine BMD was not statistically different from the null from 0.7 to 2.35 mg/L water fluoride (MD 0.06 g/cm2, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.12; ungraded). Source: Results: Sensitivity analyses on BMD; Supplementary Fig. S12 · same question in other reviews | MD 0.06 [-0.01, 0.12] | NR | Ungraded |
Included primary studies 74
Open as a trial list| Study | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial PICO | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alhava et al. 1980 The Effect of Drinking Water Fluoridation on the Fluoride Content, Strength and Mineral Density of Human Bone DOI:10.3109/17453678008990817 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Alhava et al. 1980 [Participation of the alpha- and beta-adrenoreactive systems of the brain in the regulation of contractile thermogenesis in the cat]. PMID:198040 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Arnala et al. 1986 Hip fracture incidence not affected by fluoridation: Osteofluorosis studied in Finland DOI:10.3109/17453678608994408 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Arnala et al. 1986 [Functional anatomy of low back pain and ischialgia (author's transl)]. PMID:198649 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Arnold et al. 1997 Characterization of Gazdar murine sarcoma virus by nucleic acid hybridization and analysis of viral expression in cells. PMID:199741 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Arnold et al. 1997 The effect of water fluoridation on the bone mineral density of young women. PMID:9458565 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Cauley et al. 1995 Effects of fluoridated drinking water on bone mass and fractures: The study of osteoporotic fractures DOI:10.1002/jbmr.5650100712 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Cauley et al. 1995 Isolated, ventilated, perfused newborn rabbit lung preparation and its assessment. PMID:199567 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Chen et al. 2013 Increase in nerve growth factor content of C6 glioma cells by the activation of a beta-adrenergic receptor. PMID:201342 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Chen et al. 2013 Change of urinary fluoride and bone metabolism indicators in the endemic fluorosis areas of southern China after supplying low fluoride… PMID:23425550 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Cooper et al. 1990 On the functional significance of sleep. PMID:199050 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Cooper et al. 1990 Water fluoride concentration and fracture of the proximal femur. PMID:2348142 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Czarnowski et al. 1999 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Czarnowski et al. 1999 Cyclic nucleotides injected intracellularly into rat superior cervical ganglion cells. PMID:199943 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Danielson et al. 1992 Hip Fractures and Fluoridation in Utah's Elderly Population DOI:10.1001/jama.1992.03490060078027 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Danielson et al. 1992 Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase of Nitrosomonas. Oxidation of diethyldithiocarbamate concomitant with stimulation of nitrite synthesis. PMID:199251 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Fabiani et al. 1999 Bone-Fracture Incidence Rate in Two Italian Regions with Different Fluoride Concentration Levels in Drinking Water DOI:10.1016/s0946-672x(99)80041-8 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Fabiani et al. 1999 Genetics of the mammalian phenylalanine hydroxylase system: I. Isolation of phenylalanine hydroxylase-deficient tyrosine auxotrophs from… PMID:199952 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Feskanich et al. 1998 Use of Toenail Fluoride Levels as an Indicator for the Risk of Hip and Forearm Fractures in Women DOI:10.1097/00001648-199807000-00011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Feskanich et al. 1998 The involvement of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the inhibitory effect of morphine on caudate neurone activities. PMID:199853 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Godebo et al. 2020 Vascular lesions of the middle ear. PMID:202044 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Godebo et al. 2020 Bone quality in fluoride-exposed populations: A novel application of the ultrasonic method. PMID:31890757 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Goggin et al. 1965 Incidence of Femoral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women: Before and after Water Fluoridation DOI:10.2307/4592594 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Goggin et al. 1965 Interactions between spinach ferredoxin and other electron carriers. The involvement of a ferredoxin:cytochrome c complex in the… PMID:196554 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Helte et al. 2021 Comparative susceptibility of rabbits, rats, mice and pigs to infection with Aujeszky diseases virus (ADV) in the development of an… PMID:202116 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Helte et al. 2021 Fluoride in Drinking Water, Diet, and Urine in Relation to Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Incidence in Postmenopausal Women. PMID:33822648 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Hillier et al. 2000 Fluoride in drinking water and risk of hip fracture in the UK: a case-control study DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)07161-5 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Hillier et al. 2000 Labyrinthine input to the vestibular nuclei of the awake cat. PMID:200055 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Jacobsen et al. 1992 The association between water fluoridation and hip fracture among white Women and Men aged 65 years and older DOI:10.1016/1047-2797(92)90006-c | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Jacobsen et al. 1992 Infidelity of DNA synthesis by themperature-sensitive DNA polymerases from RNA tumor viruses. PMID:199256 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Karagas et al. 1996 Patterns of fracture among the United States elderly: Geographic and fluoride effects DOI:10.1016/1047-2797(96)00006-3 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Karagas et al. 1996 PMID:199657 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kong et al. 2024 Spinal branching of rubrospinal axons in the cat. PMID:202474 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kong et al. 2024 The Association between Fluoride and Bone Mineral Density in US Children and Adolescents: A Pilot Study. PMID:39275266 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Korns et al. 1969 Relationship of Water Fluoridation to Bone Density in Two N.Y. Towns DOI:10.2307/4593687 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Korns et al. 1969 An inhibitor of mammalian collagenase from foetal rabbit bone in culture. PMID:196958 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kroger et al. 1994 The effect of fluoridated drinking water on axial bone mineral density — a population-based study DOI:10.1016/s0169-6009(08)80184-5 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kroger et al. 1994 [Biopharmaceutic aspects of the creation of new diagnostic agents for roentgenoscopy and bronchography]. PMID:199468 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kurttio et al. 1999 Exposure to Natural Fluoride in Well Water and Hip Fracture: A Cohort Analysis in Finland DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010086 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kurttio et al. 1999 Classification of platelet aggregation patterns with two ADP solutions (the double-ADP method) and its clinical application to diabetes… PMID:199959 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lan et al. 1995 Fluoride in Drinking Water and the Bone Mineral Density of Women in Taiwan DOI:10.1093/ije/24.6.1182 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lan et al. 1995 Production of hybrid cells by fusion of human malignant tumour cells and primary mouse embryo cells. PMID:199545 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lee et al. 2024 Association of fluoride exposure with disease burden and neurodevelopment outcomes in children in South Korea DOI:10.1007/s12519-024-00820-3 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lee et al. 2024 The inhibition of ribosomal translocation by viomycin. PMID:202460 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lehmann et al. 1998 3rinking water fluoridation: Bone mineral density and hip fracture incidence DOI:10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00273-1 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lehmann et al. 1998 Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone. PMID:199869 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Levy et al. 2014 Effect of chlorpropamide and phenformin on rat liver: the effect on plasma membrane-bound enzymes and cyclic AMP content of hepatocytes in… PMID:201470 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Levy et al. 2014 Effects of life-long fluoride intake on bone measures of adolescents: a prospective cohort study. PMID:24470542 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Li et al. 2001 Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures DOI:10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.5.932 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Li et al. 2001 Type III hyperlipoproteinemia: paradoxical hypolipidemic response to estrogen. PMID:200161 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lindsay et al. 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lindsay et al. 2023 Diuretics and the renal adenylate cyclase system. PMID:202362 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lotborn et al. 1999 Whole-Body Bone Mineral Measurements in 15-Year-Old Swedish Adolescents DOI:10.1007/s001980050122 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lotborn et al. 1999 Primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in a renal transplant recipient. PMID:199946 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| McClure 1944 Fluoride Domestic Waters and Systemic Effects: I. Relation to Bone-Fracture Experience, Height, and Weight of High School Boys and Young… DOI:10.2307/4585109 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| McClure et al. 1944 [Effect of alcoholic intoxication on the body's natural resistance to exposure to infectious and toxic agents]. PMID:194439 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Nasman et al. 2013 Estimated Drinking Water Fluoride Exposure and Risk of Hip Fracture DOI:10.1177/0022034513506443 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Nasman et al. 2013 Multiple childhood osteosarcomas in an American Indian family with erythroid macrocytosis and skeletal anomalies. PMID:201363 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Phipps et al. 1990 Water-borne Fluoride and Cortical Bone Mass: A Comparison of Two Communities DOI:10.1177/00220345900690060601 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Phipps et al. 1990 Adenosine in rat cerebral cortex: its determination, normal values, and correlation to AMP and cyclic AMP during shortlasting ischemia. PMID:199047 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Phipps et al. 1998 The Association Between Water-borne Fluoride and Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults DOI:10.1177/00220345980770091001 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Phipps et al. 1998 Human serum lipoproteins activate adipocyte plasma membrane adenylate cyclase. PMID:199848 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Phipps et al. 2000 Community water fluoridation, bone mineral density, and fractures: prospective study of effects in older women. PMID:11021862 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Phipps et al. 2000 Cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in normo- and hyperlipoproteinaemia. PMID:200071 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Simonen et al. 1985 DOES FLUORIDATION OF DRINKING-WATER PREVENT BONE FRAGILITY AND OSTEOPOROSIS? DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92748-5 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Simonen et al. 1985 Experimental carcinoma of liver in macaque monkeys exposed to diethylnitrosamine and hepatitis B virus. PMID:198564 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Sowers et al. 1991 A Prospective Study of Bone Mineral Content and Fracture in Communities with Differential Fluoride Exposure DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115940 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Sowers et al. 1991 Calorimetric investigation of NAD binding to some dehydrogenases. PMID:199172 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Sowers et al. 2005 Elevated Serum Fluoride Concentrations in Women Are Not Related to Fractures and Bone Mineral Density DOI:10.1093/jn/135.9.2247 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Sowers et al. 2005 Glycopeptides from epithelial cell mutants: temperature sensitive for the transformation phenotype. PMID:200573 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Suarez-Almazor et al. 1993 [15 new serotypes of Salmonella of subgenus I isolated in Africa]. PMID:199365 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Suarez-Almazor et al. 1993 The fluoridation of drinking water and hip fracture hospitalization rates in two Canadian communities. PMID:8484450 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Young et al. 2015 Community water fluoridation and health outcomes in England: a cross‐sectional study DOI:10.1111/cdoe.12180 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Young et al. 2015 Alteration of host defense mechanisms by murine cytomegalovirus infection. PMID:201566 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |