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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

407 questions · 500 findings · 40 reviews

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No studies found 115 · 23%GRADE not reported 185 · 37%Very low 89 · 17.8%Low 63 · 12.6%Moderate 36 · 7.2%High 12 · 2.4%

Single‐dose antibiotic vs short duration antibiotics

Different antimicrobial agents ‐ No cure (good quality studies) · patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy

Single‐dose antibiotic showed no clear difference in different antimicrobial agents ‐ No cure (good quality studies) compared with short‐course (four‐ to seven‐day) antibiotic (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)

Cell death / cytotoxicity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

One study reported minimal cytotoxicity (<1% cell damage) with grape seed extract (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Cranberry extract or cranberry flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents

pH change or lactic acid production · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

No meta-analysis was conducted; five included studies reported buffering of pH drop or reduced lactic acid production with cranberry extract or fractions.

1 finding from 1 review

Cranberry extract / juice and proanthocyanidin (flavonoid) fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)

Bacterial growth inhibition · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

Cranberry extract inhibits S. mutans growth in vitro (MIC ~0.5-60 mg/mL across 7 studies; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Cranberry extract or cranberry flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents

Bacterial cell death · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

No meta-analysis was conducted; one included study reported time- and concentration-dependent bacterial-count reduction with cranberry extract.

1 finding from 1 review

Grape seed extract or grape seed flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents

Biofilm morphology · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

No meta-analysis was conducted; two included studies reported reduced microcolonies or altered bacterial structure with grape seed extract.

1 finding from 1 review

Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)

Bacterial adhesion (inhibition) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

Grape seed extract inhibits S. mutans adhesion to hydroxyapatite in vitro (2 studies; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Grape seed extract or grape seed flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents

Bacterial growth inhibition · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

No meta-analysis was conducted; five included studies reported inhibition of Streptococcus mutans growth with grape seed extract or fractions.

1 finding from 1 review

Cranberry extract / juice and proanthocyanidin (flavonoid) fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)

Biofilm formation (reduction) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

Cranberry extract reduces S. mutans biofilm formation in vitro (10 studies; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Cranberry extract / juice and proanthocyanidin (flavonoid) fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)

pH drop / acidogenicity buffering · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

Cranberry extract reduces S. mutans acidogenicity / glycolytic pH drop in vitro (5 studies; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)

Gtf activity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

One study reported grape seed extract inhibits S. mutans Gtf activity (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)

Antioxidant capacity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

One study reported high antioxidant capacity of grape seed extract (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Cranberry extract / juice and proanthocyanidin (flavonoid) fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)

Biofilm morphological changes · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

Cranberry extract alters S. mutans biofilm morphology/architecture (4 studies; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)

Biofilm morphological changes · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

Grape seed extract alters S. mutans biofilm morphology (2 studies; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride)

Biofilm formation (reduction) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)

Grape seed extract reduces S. mutans biofilm formation in vitro (5 studies; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review