Osteoporosis · European-ancestry adults
In multivariable MR (adjusted for periodontitis), higher genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) causally increased osteoporosis risk (OR 1.165, moderate evidence).
2 findings from 1 review
Bone mineral density in forearm · European-ancestry adults
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no causal effect on forearm BMD.
1 finding from 1 review
Forearm fracture · European GWAS participants
The SVMR Weighted Median interval included the null.
3 findings from 1 review
OR 0.992 [0.945, 1.042]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 0.994 [0.948, 1.042]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 0.990 [0.950, 1.032]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported
Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community
Community-dwelling older adults in higher-income countries had better OHRQoL than those in lower-income countries (77.9, 95% CI 70.2 to 85.6 vs 66.9, 95% CI 56.7 to 77.0); the difference by income was statistically significant (ungraded).
2 findings from 1 review
MEAN 77.9 [70.2, 85.6]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
MEAN 66.9 [56.7, 77.0]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community
Older adults in countries with relative income equality (low Gini index) had markedly higher OHRQoL (91.3, 95% CI 90.0 to 92.6) than those in less equal countries; the difference by Gini index was statistically significant (ungraded).
4 findings from 1 review
Show 1 more finding
MEAN 81.2 [75.3, 88.3]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants
The SVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.
3 findings from 1 review
OR 1.097 [0.598, 2.011]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 1.181 [0.748, 1.866]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 1.278 [0.921, 1.773]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported
Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants
The MVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.062 [0.991, 1.137]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
Caries experience (mean DMFT) · 12-year-old children across European countries (national/regional epidemiological surveys, 2011-2022)
Countries with higher per-capita dental expenditure had lower mean DMFT (>$100: 0.96; $51-100: 2.14; $0-50: 3.06) (Figure 4); not GRADE-rated.
3 findings from 1 review
Caries status in 12-year-old children, geographical location and socioeconomic conditions across European countries: A… 2025 All outcomesCross-sectional (survey data 2011-2022) · European countries stratified by OECD per-capita dental health-care expenditure (USD); test of group differences Q_b(2)=30.51, p<0.01; expenditure-stratified overall pooled DMFT 2.10 (95% CI 1.61-2.59), 32 countries · $0-50 per capita
MEAN 3.06 [2.32, 3.79]
14 studies
GRADE not reported
Caries status in 12-year-old children, geographical location and socioeconomic conditions across European countries: A… 2025 All outcomesCross-sectional (survey data 2011-2022) · European countries stratified by OECD per-capita dental health-care expenditure (USD); test of group differences Q_b(2)=30.51, p<0.01; expenditure-stratified overall pooled DMFT 2.10 (95% CI 1.61-2.59), 32 countries · >$100 per capita
MEAN 0.96 [0.64, 1.28]
12 studies
GRADE not reported
Caries status in 12-year-old children, geographical location and socioeconomic conditions across European countries: A… 2025 All outcomesCross-sectional (survey data 2011-2022) · European countries stratified by OECD per-capita dental health-care expenditure (USD); test of group differences Q_b(2)=30.51, p<0.01; expenditure-stratified overall pooled DMFT 2.10 (95% CI 1.61-2.59), 32 countries · $51-100 per capita
MEAN 2.14 [1.40, 2.89]
6 studies
GRADE not reported
Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged 0-5 years in North Africa
Paternal tertiary education was associated with lower odds of ECC (OR 0.381).
3 findings from 1 review
OR 0.381 [0.16, 0.91]
1 study
GRADE not reported
OR 0.083 [0.03, 0.21]
1 study
GRADE not reported
OR 0.797 [0.171, 0.650]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Odds of higher caries (DMFT) category · 12-year-old children across European countries (national/regional epidemiological surveys, 2011-2022)
Higher national income was strongly associated with lower odds of poor oral health (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.37; about 90% lower odds); not GRADE-rated.
1 finding from 1 review
Early childhood caries (ECC) · Preschool children (<6 years)
Higher sugar consumption is associated with early childhood caries in children under 6 years: pooled OR 1.59 (95% CI 1.50 to 1.68) from 9 cohort studies with no heterogeneity (I2=0%); the body of evidence was not GRADE-rated (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European-ancestry adults
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no significant causal effect on fracture of lumbar spine and pelvis (multivariable MR, OR 0.968).
2 findings from 1 review
Forearm fracture · European-ancestry adults
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no significant causal effect on fracture of forearm (multivariable MR, OR 0.973).
2 findings from 1 review
Femur fracture · European GWAS participants
The SVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.
3 findings from 1 review
OR 0.893 [0.678, 1.175]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 1.137 [0.976, 1.325]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 1.094 [0.884, 1.354]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported
Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European-ancestry adults
Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on osteoporosis with pathological fracture (single-variable MR, OR 1.003).
2 findings from 1 review
Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants
The SVMR Weighted Median interval included the null.
3 findings from 1 review
OR 0.867 [0.691, 1.087]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 0.950 [0.808, 1.117]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 0.994 [0.729, 1.355]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · Postmenopausal women (European ancestry)
In multivariable MR (adjusted for periodontitis), genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) causally increased postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture (OR 1.422, moderate evidence).
2 findings from 1 review
Caries experience (mean DMFT) · 12-year-old children across European countries (national/regional epidemiological surveys, 2011-2022)
Mean DMFT in 12-year-olds rises as national income falls: 0.90 (very high income), 2.38 (high income), 3.30 (middle income) (Figure 2); not GRADE-rated.
3 findings from 1 review
Caries status in 12-year-old children, geographical location and socioeconomic conditions across European countries: A… 2025 All outcomesCross-sectional (survey data 2011-2022) · European countries stratified by World Bank GNI per capita (modified 3-category); test of group differences Q_b(2)=51.35, p<0.01 · Very high income (GNI >$25,000)
MEAN 0.90 [0.66, 1.15]
14 studies
GRADE not reported
Caries status in 12-year-old children, geographical location and socioeconomic conditions across European countries: A… 2025 All outcomesCross-sectional (survey data 2011-2022) · European countries stratified by World Bank GNI per capita (modified 3-category); test of group differences Q_b(2)=51.35, p<0.01 · High income (GNI $15,001-25,000)
MEAN 2.38 [1.78, 2.97]
8 studies
GRADE not reported
Caries status in 12-year-old children, geographical location and socioeconomic conditions across European countries: A… 2025 All outcomesCross-sectional (survey data 2011-2022) · European countries stratified by World Bank GNI per capita (modified 3-category); test of group differences Q_b(2)=51.35, p<0.01 · Middle income (GNI <=$15,000)
MEAN 3.30 [2.57, 4.03]
12 studies
GRADE not reported
Lacunar stroke · European-ancestry adults
Genetically predicted periodontitis was associated with modestly higher odds of lacunar stroke (OR 1.24); ungraded MR, though the FDR-adjusted P was 0.064 for the primary IVW-FE method (ML-adjusted P 0.037).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.24 [1.03, 1.49]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community
Older adults in higher-HDI countries had better OHRQoL (high 79.9, 95% CI 74.4 to 85.5; very high 78.4, 95% CI 71.1 to 85.8) than those in medium-HDI countries (63.5, 95% CI 54.3 to 72.7); the difference by HDI was statistically significant (ungraded).
3 findings from 1 review
MEAN 79.9 [74.4, 85.5]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
MEAN 63.5 [54.3, 72.7]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
MEAN 78.4 [71.1, 85.8]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported