Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

12 questions · 12 findings · 9 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 2 · 16.7%Low 8 · 66.7%Moderate 2 · 16.7%High 0 · 0%

Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine vs placebo

Stillbirth · pregnant women

Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine showed no clear difference in stillbirth compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy for improving infant outcomes 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.38, 1.72]
5 studies · 12652 participants
Low

Zinc vs no zinc supplementation

Stillbirth · Pregnant women (healthy and probable zinc deficiency)

Zinc supplementation showed no clear difference in stillbirth compared with no zinc (with or without placebo) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.22 [0.8, 1.88]
7 studies · 3295 participants
Low

Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo

Stillbirth · pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis

It is very uncertain whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) changes stillbirth compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.08, 1.37]
6 studies · 955 participants
Very low

Vitamin E + vitamin C vs placebo

Stillbirth · pregnant women

Vitamin C and vitamin E showed no clear difference in stillbirth compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.31 [0.97, 1.76]
7 studies · 21442 participants
Moderate

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Stillbirth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in stillbirth compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.88, 1.56]
9 studies · 19023 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo or no antibiotic

Stillbirth · pregnant women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term

Any antibiotic showed no clear difference in stillbirth compared with placebo or no antibiotic (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3 [0.61, 14.82]
3 studies · 1906 participants
Low

Acupuncture vs placebo

Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in stillbirth and neonatal death compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.57 [0.04, 8.3]
1 study · 36 participants
Low

Corticosteroids vs placebo

Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum

It is very uncertain whether corticosteroids changes stillbirth and neonatal death compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.15, 3.34]
2 studies · 134 participants
Very low

Calcium vs placebo (offspring outcomes) commencing before or early

Pregnancy loss, stillbirth or neonatal death before discharge · women who are not yet pregnant and women in the early stages of pregnancy

Calcium showed no clear difference in pregnancy loss, stillbirth or NND before discharge compared with placebo (offspring outcomes) commencing before or early (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.61, 1.1]
1 study · 632 participants
Low

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo (outcomes

Pregnancy loss or stillbirth at any gestational age · women who are not yet pregnant and women in the early stages of pregnancy

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in pregnancy loss or stillbirth at any gestational age compared with placebo (maternal outcomes) commencing before or early (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.61, 1.14]
1 study · 633 participants
Low

Probiotics vs placebo

Perinatal mortality · preventing gestational diabetes

Probiotics showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.02]
3 studies · 709 participants
Low

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo (outcomes

Pre‐eclampsia, or pregnancy loss, or stillbirth (or combination) at any gestational age · women who are not yet pregnant and women in the early stages of pregnancy

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in pre‐eclampsia, or pregnancy loss, or stillbirth (or combination) at… compared with placebo (maternal outcomes) commencing before or early (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.66, 1]
1 study · 633 participants
Low