Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

30 questions · 30 findings · 12 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 6 · 20%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 14 · 46.7%Low 9 · 30%Moderate 1 · 3.3%High 0 · 0%

Heated tobacco use vs cigarette smoking

Serious adverse events – measured by self‐report and medical records · people who smoke

It is very uncertain whether heated tobacco use changes serious adverse events – measured by self‐report and medical records compared with cigarette smoking (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nicotine EC vs non‐nicotine EC

Serious adverse events at 1 week to 1 year Assessed via self‐report and medical records · People who smoke cigarettes

Nicotine EC showed no clear difference in serious adverse events at 1 week to 1 year Assessed via self‐report… compared with non‐nicotine EC (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nicotine EC vs NRT

Serious adverse events at 4 weeks to 1 year Assessed via self‐report and medical records · people who smoke

Nicotine EC showed no clear difference in serious adverse events at 4 weeks to 1 year Assessed via self‐report… compared with NRT (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nicotine EC vs behavioural support only/no support

Serious adverse events – measured by self‐report and medical records · people who smoke

It is very uncertain whether nicotine EC changes serious adverse events at 4 weeks to 8 months Assessed via… compared with behavioural support only/no support (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Eculizumab vs placebo

Adverse events (serious and nonserious) Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) · patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Eculizumab showed no clear difference in adverse events (serious and nonserious) Medical Dictionary for… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen vs paracetamol

Serious adverse events, defined as any medical event at any dose that results in death, is life‐threatening, requires hospitalisation (or prolongation of existing hospitalisation) or results in permanent damage or disability (FDA 2016) · children with acute postoperative pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen vs morphine

Serious adverse events, defined as any medical event at any dose that results in death, is life‐threatening, requires hospitalisation (or prolongation of existing hospitalisation) or results in permanent damage or disability (FDA 2016) · children with acute postoperative pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen vs ketorolac

Serious adverse events, defined as any medical event at any dose that results in death, is life‐threatening, requires hospitalisation (or prolongation of existing hospitalisation) or results in permanent damage or disability (FDA 2016) · children with acute postoperative pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen vs placebo

Serious adverse events, defined as any medical event at any dose that results in death, is life‐threatening, requires hospitalisation (or prolongation of existing hospitalisation) or results in permanent damage or disability (FDA 2016) · children with acute postoperative pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Laparoscopic fundoplication vs medical management

Serious adverse events · Patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) in adults

It is very uncertain whether laparoscopic fundoplication changes serious adverse events compared with medical management (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

TDC vs medical therapy

Secondary outcome:total serious adverse events at the end of · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack

TDC showed no clear difference in secondary outcome:total serious adverse events at the end of compared with medical therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review