What do systematic reviews say?

Exercise vs control

Exercise showed no clear difference in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre‐eclampsia) compared with control (low certainty).

• Exercise for pregnant women with gestational diabetes for improving maternal and fetal outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.31 [0.01, 7.09]
  2 studies · 48 participants
  Low

Pyridoxine vs control

Pyridoxine (B6) showed no clear difference in pre‐eclampsia ‐ Antenatal oral pyridoxine versus control compared with control (low certainty).

• Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.71 [0.85, 3.45]
  2 studies · 1197 participants
  Low
• Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.43 [0.64, 3.22]
  1 study · 944 participants
  Low

Primary care screening vs secondary care screening

Primary care screening showed no clear difference in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre‐eclampsia toxemia compared with secondary care screening (low certainty).

• Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.36, 1.78]
  1 study · 690 participants
  Low

Reduced number of antenatal care visits/goal‐oriented vs standard antenatal care visits

Reduced number of antenatal care visits/goal‐oriented showed no clear difference in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia) compared with standard antenatal care visits (low certainty).

• Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low‐risk pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.8, 1.12]
  6 studies · 54108 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes)

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet changes hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: severe hypertension or… compared with moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes) (very low certainty).

• Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.07, 15.86]
  1 study · 95 participants
  Very low

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo (outcomes

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in pre‐eclampsia, or pregnancy loss, or stillbirth (or combination) at… compared with placebo (maternal outcomes) commencing before or early (low certainty).

• Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.66, 1]
  1 study · 633 participants
  Low

Probiotics vs placebo

Probiotic showed no clear difference in hypertensive disorders (including pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy‐induced… compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.5 [0.64, 3.53]
  3 studies · 256 participants
  Low

Telemedicine vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether telemedicine changes hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including pre‐eclampsia,… compared with standard care (very low certainty).

• Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.49 [0.69, 3.2]
  4 studies · 275 participants
  Very low

Intensity of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus ‐ strict glycaemic targets vs less‐tight glycaemic targets (maternal outcomes)

Intensity of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes… showed no clear difference in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia,… compared with less‐tight glycaemic targets (maternal outcomes) (low certainty).

• Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.16 [0.8, 1.69]
  2 studies · 1491 participants
  Low

Continuous glucose monitoring system vs intermittent glucose monitoring

Continuous glucose monitoring may leads to lower hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia,… compared with intermittent glucose monitoring (low certainty).

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.58 [0.39, 0.85]
  2 studies · 384 participants
  Low

Pre‐prandial vs post‐prandial glucose monitoring

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Automated telemedicine monitoring vs conventional

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Constant CGM vs Intermittent CGM

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Self‐monitoring vs a different type of self‐monitoring

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Self‐monitoring at home vs hospitalisation

It is very uncertain whether self‐monitoring at home changes hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia,… compared with hospitalisation (very low certainty).

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.19 [0.41, 3.51]
  1 study · 100 participants
  Very low

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

It is very uncertain whether fetal biometry changes hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia,… compared with maternal glycaemic values (very low certainty).

• Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.34, 1.89]
  2 studies · 325 participants
  Very low

CSII vs MDI: maternal outcomes

• Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to lower pregnancy with serious adverse outcome (composite including maternal… (high certainty).

• Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre‐eclampsia and its complications 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.85, 0.96]
  13 studies · 17382 participants
  High