What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality (moderate certainty).

• Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.67, 1.54]
  8 studies · 30675 participants
  Moderate

Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)

Traditional antenatal CTG showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) (low certainty).

• Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.05 [0.95, 4.42]
  4 studies · 1627 participants
  Low

Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)

Computerised antenatal CTG probably leads to lower perinatal mortality compared with traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) (moderate certainty).

• Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.04, 0.88]
  2 studies · 469 participants
  Moderate

Tape measurement vs clinical palpation

Tape measurement showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with clinical palpation (low certainty).

• Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.25 [0.38, 4.07]
  1 study · 1639 participants
  Low

Vitamin A vs placebo or no treatment

Vitamin A alone showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

• Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.95, 1.07]
  1 study · 76176 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality (low certainty).

• Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.51 [0.1, 2.69]
  1 study · 179 participants
  Low

Combination of interventions vs no intervention

• Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 39130 participants
  Moderate

One intervention vs no intervention

One intervention showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.96 [0.89, 1.03]
  15 studies · 189164 participants
  Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo or no antibiotic

Any antibiotic showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with placebo or no antibiotic (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.98 [0.6, 6.55]
  4 studies · 2639 participants
  Low

Planned elective birth (induction or caesarean) vs expectant management

• Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and their… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 425 participants
  Very low

Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise

Immediate showed no clear difference in extended perinatal mortality compared with deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise (moderate certainty).

• Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.17 [0.67, 2.04]
  1 study · 587 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Planned hospital birth vs Planned home birth

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Interventionist care vs expectant care

Interventionist care showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality or perinatal death compared with expectant (delayed delivery) care (low certainty).

• Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [0.62, 1.99]
  3 studies · 343 participants
  Low

Intensity of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus ‐ strict glycaemic targets vs less‐tight glycaemic targets (child (as neonate, child, adult) outcomes)

• Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1499 participants
  Low

Probiotics vs placebo

• Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler vs fetal growth

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality (after randomisation) compared with fetal growth (low certainty).

• Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.32, 2.41]
  1 study · 1052 participants
  Low

Self‐monitoring vs periodic

It is very uncertain whether self‐monitoring changes perinatal mortality (stillbirth or neonatal death) compared with periodic (very low certainty).

• Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.54 [0.21, 11.24]
  2 studies · 400 participants
  Very low

Continuous glucose monitoring system vs self‐monitoring of glucose

• Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 179 participants
  Very low

Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data)

Group antenatal care showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality (stillbirth or neonatal death) compared with individual antenatal care (adjusted data) (low certainty).

• Group versus conventional antenatal care for women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.63 [0.32, 1.25]
  3 studies · 1943 participants
  Low