What do systematic reviews say?

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 20 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) ‐ formoterol versus placebo ( (moderate certainty).

• Regular treatment with formoterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.52 [0.24, 9.71]
  14 studies · 5463 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.94 [0.84, 1.07]
  10 studies · 16636 participants
  Moderate

Indacaterol vs placebo

Indacaterol showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.42 [0.16, 1.08]
  9 studies · 5694 participants
  Moderate

Tiotropium vs placebo

Tiotropium showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.98 [0.86, 1.11]
  22 studies · 23309 participants
  Moderate

Fibrinolytics vs placebo

Fibrinolytics showed no clear difference in mortality. compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.16 [0.71, 1.91]
  8 studies · 867 participants
  Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.98 [0.77, 1.24]
  27 studies · 19786 participants
  Moderate

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo, on combination therapy (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.26 [0.07, 1.06]
  3 studies · 492 participants
  Moderate

Group 2 Pulmonary hypertension due to left‐heart disease ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Group 2 Pulmonary hypertension due to left‐heart disease ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.27 [0.28, 5.8]
  3 studies · 286 participants
  Moderate

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i leads to lower mortality compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.22 [0.07, 0.68]
  8 studies · 1119 participants
  High

Group 3 Pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Mixed Pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4 ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Selexipag vs placebo

• Prostacyclin for pulmonary arterial hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1199 participants
  Moderate

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Influenza vaccine for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.87 [0.28, 2.7]
  2 studies · 180 participants
  Low

Macrolides vs placebo

• Macrolide antibiotics for bronchiectasis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 42 participants
  Low

Summary of findings ‐ Inhaled mannitol vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Inhaled hyperosmolar agents for bronchiectasis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Statins vs placebo

Statins showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.03 [0.61, 1.74]
  2 studies · 952 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.64 [0.37, 1.1]
  5 studies · 1558 participants
  Moderate

Statins vs placebo

Statins showed no clear difference in COPD‐specific mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.25 [0.38, 4.13]
  1 study · 877 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in mortality (respiratory‐related) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.4 [0.15, 1.07]
  2 studies · 735 participants
  Low