Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

76 questions · 78 findings · 33 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 9 · 11.5%GRADE not reported 5 · 6.4%Very low 20 · 25.6%Low 24 · 30.8%Moderate 14 · 17.9%High 6 · 7.7%

Antibiotics vs no antibiotics

Mortality before hospital discharge · symptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in mortality (before discharge) compared with control (no antibiotics) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.69 [0.23, 12.53]
3 studies · 445 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs no antibiotics

Mortality before hospital discharge · asymptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in mortality (before discharge) compared with control (no antibiotics) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.22, 5.18]
1 study · 250 participants
Low

Single‐dose antibiotic vs 24 hours of antibiotics

All‐cause mortality · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotics for penetrating abdominal trauma: duration of use and antibiotic choice 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 360 participants
Very low

Antibiotics vs placebo

All‐cause mortality WMD of · Adults (aged 40 or over) with COPD presenting with 1 or more exacerbations in the previous year. The 2 larger studies (Albert 2011; Sethi…

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality WMD of compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.87 [0.66, 1.15]
6 studies · 3309 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs surgery

All‐cause mortality · adults with uncomplicated appendicitis

It is very uncertain whether antibiotics changes mortality compared with surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Appendectomy versus antibiotic treatment for acute appendicitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.51 [0.05, 4.95]
5 studies · 2377 participants
Very low

Antibiotics vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · exacerbations of COPD

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.27 [0.49, 3.3]
1 study · 301 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs no treatment

All‐cause mortality · adult kidney transplant recipients

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in kidney transplant recipients 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.23 [0.21, 23.86]
1 study · 112 participants
Low

More than 24 hours of antibiotics vs 24 hours of antibiotics

All‐cause mortality · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma

It is very uncertain whether more than 24 hours of antibiotics changes mortality compared with 24 hours of antibiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotics for penetrating abdominal trauma: duration of use and antibiotic choice 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.67 [0.73, 3.82]
7 studies · 1261 participants
Very low

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

Mortality ‐ not reported · acute asthma exacerbation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for exacerbations of asthma 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

All‐cause mortality maximum · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality at maximum compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.06 [0.99, 1.13]
20 studies · 25774 participants
High

Antibiotics vs placebo

Inpatient mortality · exacerbations of COPD

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality ‐ inpatients compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.48 [0.94, 6.55]
2 studies · 214 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

All‐cause mortality at 24±6 months · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics leads to higher all‐cause mortality at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.25 [1.06, 1.48]
6 studies · 9517 participants
High

Antibiotics vs placebo

ICU mortality · exacerbations of COPD

Antibiotics probably leads to lower all‐cause mortality ‐ ICU patients compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.21 [0.06, 0.72]
1 study · 93 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Cardiovascular mortality · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics leads to higher cardiovascular mortality at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.5 [1.17, 1.91]
5 studies · 9044 participants
High
Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.98, 1.25]
2 studies · 4674 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo during postpartum period

Maternal and neonatal mortality · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Antibiotics on removal of central venous catheter vs no antibiotics

Neonatal mortality · newborn infants undergoing removal of central venous catheter

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics at the time of removal of central venous catheter to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 88 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs other antibiotics

All‐cause mortality (penicillin versus doxycycline) · people with leptospirosis

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics changes all‐cause mortality (penicillin versus doxycycline) compared with other antibiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.13, 6.46]
1 study · 168 participants
Very low

Antibiotics vs other antibiotics

All‐cause mortality (a cephalosporin (cefotaxime) versus doxycycline) · people with leptospirosis

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics changes all‐cause mortality (a cephalosporin (cefotaxime) versus doxycycline) compared with other antibiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.18 [0.01, 3.78]
1 study · 169 participants
Very low

Antibiotics vs other antibiotics

All‐cause mortality (penicillin versus a cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone)) · people with leptospirosis

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics changes all‐cause mortality (penicillin versus a cephalosporin (cefotaxime… compared with other antibiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.38 [0.47, 4.04]
2 studies · 348 participants
Very low

Antibiotics on removal of central venous catheter vs no antibiotics

Mortality before hospital discharge · newborn infants undergoing removal of central venous catheter

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics at the time of removal of central venous catheter to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 88 participants
Low