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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

232 questions · 237 findings · 121 reviews

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No studies found 34 · 14.3%GRADE not reported 13 · 5.5%Very low 82 · 34.6%Low 66 · 27.8%Moderate 30 · 12.7%High 12 · 5.1%

Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief

Mortality in hospital or up to 30 days · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery

Epidural pain relief showed no clear difference in mortality in hospital or up to 30 days compared with systemic opioid‐based pain relief (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interdisciplinary enhanced rehabilitation (inpatient and community rehabilitation) vs conventional rehabilitation

Mortality at 12 months post‐hip fracture · adults with dementia following hip fracture surgery

It is very uncertain whether interdisciplinary enhanced rehabilitation (inpatient and community… changes mortality at 12 months post‐hip fracture compared with conventional rehabilitation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

Perioperative beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitroglycerin vs no treatment

All‐cause mortality in 30 days post operation · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia

It is very uncertain whether nitroglycerin changes all‐cause mortality in 30 days post operation compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitroglycerin vs placebo

All‐cause mortality in 30 days post operation · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia

It is very uncertain whether nitroglycerin changes all‐cause mortality in 30 days post operation compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Inpatient and 30 day mortality ‐ Colon cancer · Patients with outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes inpatient and 30 day mortality ‐ Colon cancer (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Inpatient and 30 day mortality ‐ Colon cancer · Patients with outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes inpatient and 30 day mortality ‐ Colon cancer (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Inpatient and 30 day mortality ‐ Rectal cancer · Patients with outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery

The intervention showed no clear difference in inpatient and 30 day mortality ‐ Rectal cancer (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Inpatient and 30 day mortality ‐ Rectal cancer · Patients with outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes inpatient and 30 day mortality ‐ Rectal cancer (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Inpatient and 30 day mortality ‐ Colorectal cancer · Patients with outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery

The intervention may leads to lower inpatient and 30 day mortality ‐ Colorectal cancer (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Inpatient and 30 day mortality ‐ Colorectal cancer · Patients with outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes inpatient and 30 day mortality ‐ Colorectal cancer (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative radiotherapy vs surgery

Overall mortality ‐ only total mesorectal excision ( · People with localised rectal carcinoma

Preoperative radiotherapy showed no clear difference in overall mortality ‐ only total mesorectal excision ( compared with surgery alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Mortality In the early postoperative period (≤ 30 days) · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes all‐cause mortality within 30 days during postoperative period compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic corticosteroids vs placebo or no corticosteroids

Mortality within the longest · adults diagnosed with coronary artery disease or cardiac valve disease, and candidates for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Prophylactic corticosteroids showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (during the index hospital admission, or within… compared with placebo or no corticosteroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review