What do systematic reviews say?

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in mortality (all infants): 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.13 [0.6, 7.51]
  1 study · 65 participants
  Low

Topical ointment or cream vs routine skin care

Topical ointment or cream showed no clear difference in mortality until hospital discharge (or latest reported) compared with routine skin care (low certainty).

• Topical emollient for preventing infection in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.87 [0.75, 1.03]
  7 studies · 2067 participants
  Low

Topical oil vs routine skin care

Topical oil showed no clear difference in mortality until hospital discharge (or latest reported) compared with routine skin care (low certainty).

• Topical emollient for preventing infection in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.82, 1.08]
  11 studies · 1119 participants
  Low

Topical ointment or cream vs oil

Topical ointment or cream may leads to lower mortality until hospital discharge (or latest reported) compared with oil (low certainty).

• Topical emollient for preventing infection in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.68, 0.98]
  1 study · 316 participants
  Low

Topical oil vs another oil

• Topical emollient for preventing infection in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 64 participants
  Very low

Standard valve vs self‐adjusting CSF flow‐regulating valve

• Ventriculo‐peritoneal shunting devices for hydrocephalus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 229 participants
  Low

Heparin vs low molecular weight heparin

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Heparin changes mortality attributable to hepatic veno‐occlusive disease ( compared with low molecular weight heparin (very low certainty).

• Interventions for prophylaxis of hepatic veno‐occlusive disease in people undergoing haematopoietic stem cell… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.94 [0.12, 70.3]
  1 study · 93 participants
  Very low

Standard valve vs self‐adjusting CSF flow‐regulating valve

• Ventriculo‐peritoneal shunting devices for hydrocephalus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 229 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes postoperative mortality (very low certainty).

• Fibrin sealants for the prevention of postoperative pancreatic fistula following pancreatic surgery 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Peto OR 1.41 [0.63, 3.13]
  2 studies · 351 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes postoperative mortality (very low certainty).

• Fibrin sealants for the prevention of postoperative pancreatic fistula following pancreatic surgery 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Peto OR 0.39 [0.12, 1.29]
  7 studies · 1051 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes postoperative mortality (very low certainty).

• Fibrin sealants for the prevention of postoperative pancreatic fistula following pancreatic surgery 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Peto OR 0.24 [0.05, 1.06]
  5 studies · 517 participants
  Very low

Duct‐to‐mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy using the modified Blumgart technique vs duct‐to‐mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy using the traditional interrupted technique

• Duct‐to‐mucosa versus other types of pancreaticojejunostomy for the prevention of postoperative pancreatic fistula… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 210 participants
  Very low

Duct‐to‐mucosa vs invagination pancreaticojejunostomy

It is very uncertain whether duct‐to‐mucosa changes postoperative mortality compared with invagination pancreaticojejunostomy (very low certainty).

• Duct‐to‐mucosa versus other types of pancreaticojejunostomy for the prevention of postoperative pancreatic fistula… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.77 [0.39, 1.49]
  10 studies · 1472 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services

Summary of findings: integrated community case management showed no clear difference in neonatal mortality rate compared with usual facility services (low certainty).

• Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.01 [0.77, 1.33]
  65209 participants
  Low

Day care programs combined with playpen provision vs playpen provision

It is very uncertain whether day care programs combined with playpen provision changes drowning mortality rate compared with playpen provision (very low certainty).

• Day care as a strategy for drowning prevention in children under 6 years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Rate ratio 0.06 [0.02, 0.12]
  1 study · 45460 participants
  Very low

Day care programs vs playpen provision

It is very uncertain whether day care programs changes drowning mortality rate compared with playpen provision (very low certainty).

• Day care as a strategy for drowning prevention in children under 6 years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Rate ratio 0.25 [0.15, 0.41]
  1 study · 76575 participants
  Very low

Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and middle‐income… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Comparison 1: community‐based antibiotic delivery vs usual care

Comparison 1: community‐based antibiotic delivery probably leads to lower late neonatal mortality compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

• Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and middle‐income… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.73 [0.55, 0.96]
  2 studies · 40142 participants
  Moderate

Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and middle‐income… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Community health educational interventions vs control

It is very uncertain whether community health educational interventions changes late neonatal mortality compared with control (very low certainty).

• Community‐based maternal and newborn educational care packages for improving neonatal health and survival in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.54 [0.4, 0.74]
  11 studies · 186643 participants
  Very low
• Community‐based maternal and newborn educational care packages for improving neonatal health and survival in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.51 [0.36, 0.72]
  9 studies · 150867 participants
  Moderate