What do systematic reviews say?

Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Study region: USA

Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Dental examination: Clinical and radiographic examinations

Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Study region: Europe

Overall

Study region: Australia

Community/population-based (multiple countries) · Children's age: over 3 years

Europe · Study region: Europe

Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Sensitivity: excluded Julihn et al. 2009

Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Sensitivity: excluded Majorana et al. 2014

Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Sensitivity: excluded Iida et al. 2007

Asia · Study region: Asia

Maternal 25(OH)D measured at gestational weeks 6 to 38 · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Gestational-age subgroup: weeks 6 to 38

Prenatal exposure; dental caries assessed in children aged 2 to 8 years · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Overall (all studies pooled)

Prenatal exposure; dental caries in children aged 2 to 8 years · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Publication-bias adjustment: Trim & Fill corrected pooled estimate

Prenatal exposure; dental caries at 6 to 8 years · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Children's age subgroup: 6 to 8 years

Prenatal exposure; dental caries at 4 to 6 years · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Children's age subgroup: 4 to 6 years

Community/population-based samples of children and adolescents (households, schools and clinics) across multiple countries; mostly cross-sectional surveys plus some cohort and case-control studies · Prenatal exposure; primary dentition

Community/population-based samples of children and adolescents (households, schools and clinics) across multiple countries; mostly cross-sectional surveys plus some cohort and case-control studies · Prenatal exposure; permanent dentition

Maternal 25(OH)D measured at gestational weeks 24 to 38 · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Gestational-age subgroup: weeks 24 to 38