What do systematic reviews say?

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality at maximum compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

• Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.99, 1.13]
  20 studies · 25774 participants
  High

Beta‐blockers vs placebo or no intervention

Beta‐blockers probably leads to lower all‐cause mortality at maximum compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for suspected or diagnosed acute myocardial infarction 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.86, 0.99]
  21 studies · 25210 participants
  Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Antibiotics leads to higher all‐cause mortality at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

• Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.25 [1.06, 1.48]
  6 studies · 9517 participants
  High

Summary of findings: Comparison 3 ‐ deferiprone (DFP) vs deferasirox (DFX)

Summary of findings: Comparison 3 ‐ deferiprone (DFP) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (n/N) compared with deferasirox (DFX) (low certainty).

• Interventions for improving adherence to iron chelation therapy in people with sickle cell disease or thalassaemia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  1 study · 390 participants
  Low

Family therapy vs psychological interventions

• Family therapy approaches for anorexia nervosa 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Proton pump inhibitors showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with placebo or no prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.6, 1.99]
  3 studies · 258 participants
  Low

Antacids vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Antacids showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with placebo or no prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.53, 1.96]
  2 studies · 300 participants
  Low

Sucralfate vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Sucralfate showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with placebo or no prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.66, 1.43]
  5 studies · 500 participants
  Low

H2 receptor antagonists vs proton pump inhibitors

H2 receptor antagonists showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with proton pump inhibitors (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.78, 1.19]
  12 studies · 1564 participants
  Low

H2 receptor antagonists vs antacids

It is very uncertain whether H2 receptor antagonists changes all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with antacids (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.66, 1.55]
  11 studies · 1321 participants
  Very low

H2 receptor antagonists vs sucralfate

H2 receptor antagonists showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with sucralfate (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.95, 1.24]
  21 studies · 3178 participants
  Low

Antacids vs sucralfate

Antacids showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with sucralfate (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.15 [0.93, 1.4]
  11 studies · 1249 participants
  Low

H2 receptor antagonists vs placebo or no prophylaxis

H2 receptor antagonists showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with placebo or no prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.88, 1.42]
  14 studies · 1428 participants
  Low

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) may leads to lower all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

• Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.57 [0.35, 0.93]
  6 studies · 416 participants
  Low

Beta‐blockers vs placebo or no intervention

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality at 'less than 3 months' compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for suspected or diagnosed acute myocardial infarction 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.9, 1]
  46 studies · 80452 participants
  High

Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether ursodeoxycholic acid changes all‐cause mortality or liver transplantation compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.74, 1.25]
  15 studies · 1419 participants
  Very low

Home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods with multiple micronutrient powders vs placebo or no intervention

• Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and school‐age 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 115 participants
  Low

IVIg vs placebo or no intervention

Polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) probably leads to lower all‐cause mortality, adults, standard polyclonal IVIG compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.7, 0.93]
  10 studies · 1430 participants
  Moderate
• Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.66 [0.51, 0.85]
  7 studies · 528 participants
  Moderate
• Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.81, 1.15]
  5 studies · 945 participants
  High

IVIg vs placebo or no intervention

Polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality, neonates, standard polyclonal IVIG compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.92, 1.08]
  5 studies · 3667 participants
  Moderate
• Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.93, 1.09]
  3 studies · 3561 participants
  High

Pharmacological treatment vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Pharmacological treatment changes all‐cause mortality ‐ short term compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.38 [0.1, 1.47]
  2 studies · 437 participants
  Very low