Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,004 questions · 1,019 findings · 269 reviews

No studies found 333 · 32.7%GRADE not reported 106 · 10.4%Very low 313 · 30.7%Low 189 · 18.5%Moderate 66 · 6.5%High 12 · 1.2%

Palliative care vs usual care

Adverse effects: at least one serious adverse event · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo Outcome: withdrawals due to…

Palliative care showed no clear difference in serious adverse events Assessed by: number of participants… compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Azithromycin vs placebo or vitamins

Minor participant‐reported adverse events not requiring withdrawal of the treatment: Mild abdominal pain. · pityriasis rosea

Azithromycin showed no clear difference in minor participant‐reported adverse events not requiring withdrawal… compared with placebo or vitamins (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fractional laser vs non‐fractional non‐ablative laser

Adverse events ‐ hyperpigmentation ( · people with acne scars

It is very uncertain whether fractional laser changes investigator‐assessed adverse events (short‐term) Hyperpigmentation… compared with non‐fractional non‐ablative laser (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs usual care with or without sham interventions

Adverse effects (central nervous system) · people with depression after stroke

Non‐invasive brain stimulation showed no clear difference in adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. confusion,… compared with sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Erythromycin vs placebo

Adverse events: minor gastrointestinal symptoms · pityriasis rosea

Erythromycin showed no clear difference in minor participant‐reported adverse events not requiring withdrawal… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Serious adverse events (number) ‐ pegylated interferon‐alpha plus ribavirin versus pegylated interferon‐alpha · people with acute hepatitis C infection

It is very uncertain whether intervention changes serious adverse events (proportion) ‐ pegylated interferon‐alpha… compared with no intervention or control intervention (control) (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitor vs IV cyclophosphamide

Adverse events: treatment failure (non response, serious infection, persistently elevated creatinine) at 6 months · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children

Calcineurin inhibitor probably leads to lower adverse events: treatment failure at 6 months (non response, serious… compared with IV cyclophosphamide (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Patching vs active observation

Minor adverse events Defined as any adverse event within 8 weeks of surgery that does not require further intervention · people with intermittent exotropia, aged less than 11 years

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Bilateral lateral rectus recession vs lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection

Minor adverse events Defined as any adverse event within 8 weeks of surgery that does not require further intervention · people with intermittent exotropia, aged 3 to < 11 years

Bilateral lateral rectus recession showed no clear difference in minor adverse events Defined as any adverse event within 8 weeks of… compared with unilateral lateral rectus recession with medial rectus resection (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Doxycycline vs prednisolone

Number of participants with grade 3‐4 (severe or life‐threatening) treatment‐related adverse events at 1 year (raw data) · bullous pemphigoid

Doxycycline probably leads to lower number of participants with grade 3‐4 (severe or life‐threatening)… compared with prednisolone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs control

Adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all cause or COPD‐related), serious adverse events, mortality · COPD

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single component intervention vs control

Adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all cause or COPD‐related), serious adverse events, mortality · COPD

It is very uncertain whether single component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery
1 finding from 1 review