What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

• Interventions for frostbite injuries 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 32 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Interventions for frostbite injuries 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 31 participants
  Very low

Oral antibiotics vs placebo

• Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of eczema 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 199 participants
  Very low

Bleach bath vs placebo or bath emollient

• Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of eczema 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 42 participants
  Very low

Topical antibiotics with steroids vs topical steroid

It is very uncertain whether topical steroid plus topical antibiotic changes adverse events requiring withdrawal from treatment compared with topical steroid (very low certainty).

• Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of eczema 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.24 [0.21, 7.25]
  4 studies · 325 participants
  Very low

Oral immunosuppressants: oral cyclosporin vs topical betamethasone dipropionate

Oral immunosuppressants: oral cyclosporin showed no clear difference in primary: adverse events ‐ at least 1 adverse event compared with topical betamethasone dipropionate (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for hand eczema 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.22 [0.8, 1.86]
  1 study · 55 participants
  Moderate

Corticosteroid creams/ointments: clobetasol propionate foam vs vehicle foam

Corticosteroid creams/ointments: clobetasol propionate foam showed no clear difference in primary: adverse events ‐ at least 1 adverse event compared with vehicle foam (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for hand eczema 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.24 [0.82, 6.06]
  1 study · 125 participants
  Moderate

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing an AE compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.07 [0.51, 2.25]
  1 study · 166 participants
  Very low

Active stimulation vs Placebo (sham/placebo device)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 25.81 [1.69, 393.31]
  1 study · 44 participants
  Very low

Rituximab/cyclosporin/prednisolone vs cyclosporin/prednisolone

It is very uncertain whether rituximab/cyclosporin/prednisolone changes adverse events: bronchospasm/treatment discontinued compared with cyclosporin/prednisolone (very low certainty).

• Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.82 [0.12, 64.39]
  1 study · 31 participants
  Very low

An extended NVP plus ZDV dual regimen administered to infants for 14 weeks vs sdNVP plus ZDV (1 week)

It is very uncertain whether an extended NVP plus ZDV regimen administered to infants for 14 weeks changes infants with Probably Related Severe Adverse Events compared with sdNVP plus ZDV (1 week) (very low certainty).

• Antiretroviral interventions for preventing breast milk transmission of HIV 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.02 [0.61, 14.92]
  1 study · 2000 participants
  Very low

An extended NVP plus ZDV dual regimen administered to infants for 14 weeks vs an extended NVP regimen administered to infants

It is very uncertain whether an extended NVP plus ZDV dual regimen administered to infants for 14… changes infants with Probably Related Severe Adverse Events compared with an extended NVP regimen administered to infants (very low certainty).

• Antiretroviral interventions for preventing breast milk transmission of HIV 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.33, 3.15]
  1 study · 2013 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Topical capsaicin vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  4 weeks
  Three participants from the topical capsaicin group withdrew from the study by Winocur et al 2000 due to the severity of the burning sensation and redness.
  1 study · 30 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral gabapentin vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 weeks
  Four of the participants withdrew from the study by Kimos et al 2007 due to adverse effects, but neither the type of adverse effect nor the trial group was specified.
  1 study · 44 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral glucosamine hydrochloride/chondroitin sulphate vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  3 months
  Two allergic reactions and one severe abdominal pain led to three withdrawals from the intervention group in the study by Nguyen et al 2001.
  1 study · 45 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  60 days
  One participant in the clonazepam group withdrew from the study by Harkins et al 1991 due to severe headache.
  1 study · 20 participants
  GRADE not reported

Shock wave lithotripsy vs ureteroscopy with holmium laser or pneumatic lithotripsy

It is very uncertain whether shock wave lithotripsy changes serious adverse events or complications of treatment compared with ureteroscopy with holmium laser or pneumatic lithotripsy (very low certainty).

• Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.56 [0.12, 2.58]
  3 studies · 153 participants
  Very low

Shock wave lithotripsy vs mini‐percutaneous nephrolithotripsy

Shock wave lithotripsy may leads to lower serious adverse events or complications of treatment compared with mini‐percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (low certainty).

• Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.13 [0.02, 0.98]
  1 study · 212 participants
  Low

Shock wave lithotripsy vs dissolution therapy

It is very uncertain whether shock wave lithotripsy changes serious adverse events or complications of treatment compared with dissolution therapy (very low certainty).

• Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.23 [0.08, 19.05]
  1 study · 87 participants
  Very low