Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

77 questions · 77 findings · 33 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 8 · 10.4%GRADE not reported 2 · 2.6%Very low 4 · 5.2%Low 25 · 32.5%Moderate 22 · 28.6%High 16 · 20.8%

Statins vs placebo

Adverse events · Adults with COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 8 participants
GRADE not reported

Intermittent ICS vs placebo

Adverse events · Preschool children (<6 years)

Intermittent ICS showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.86 [0.42, 1.75]
1 study · 166 participants
Low

Intermittent ICS vs placebo

Adverse events · School‐aged children and adults

Intermittent ICS showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.9 [0.12, 71.96]
1 study · 243 participants
Low

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents vs placebo

Adverse events (any) · people with asthma

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents leads to higher adverse events (any) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.16 [1.04, 1.3]
18 studies · 7419 participants
High

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents vs placebo

Serious adverse events · people with asthma

Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.91 [0.76, 1.09]
22 studies · 7739 participants
Moderate

Fibrinolytics vs placebo

Serious adverse events · adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema

Fibrinolytics showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.28 [0.36, 4.57]
9 studies · 935 participants
Low

Indacaterol vs placebo

Serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Indacaterol showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.82, 1.23]
9 studies · 6065 participants
Moderate

Intermittent ICS vs placebo

Serious adverse events · School‐aged children and adults

Intermittent ICS showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.14, 7.25]
2 studies · 385 participants
Moderate

Intermittent ICS vs placebo

Serious adverse events · Preschool children (<6 years)

Intermittent ICS showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.42 [0.17, 1.02]
3 studies · 439 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Side effects or other adverse events · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in adverse events/side effects compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.01 [0.84, 1.21]
20 studies · 3780 participants
High

Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care vs placebo or usual care

Adverse events · adults with a confirmed diagnosis of mild COVID‐19, of whom only 10% (219/2132) participants had received ≥ 1 vaccination

Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with standard care (with or without placebo) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.47, 1.31]
1 study · 400 participants
Low

Vilanterol and fluticasone furoate vs placebo

Adverse events · people with asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Vilanterol and fluticasone furoate for asthma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 participants
Moderate

RhDNase vs placebo

Adverse events · people with bronchiectasis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Mucolytics for bronchiectasis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Bromhexine vs placebo

Adverse events · people with bronchiectasis

Bromhexine showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mucolytics for bronchiectasis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.93 [0.12, 73.97]
1 study · 88 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Inhaled mannitol vs placebo

Adverse events · people with bronchiectasis

Inhaled mannitol showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled hyperosmolar agents for bronchiectasis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.96 [0.61, 1.51]
2 studies · 804 participants
Moderate

Vitamin C vs placebo

Adverse events · adults and children with exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction/asthma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin C vs placebo

Adverse events · people with asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 41 participants
Very low

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.95 [0.86, 1.04]
17 studies · 8235 participants
High

Umeclidinium bromide vs placebo

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Umeclidinium bromide showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Umeclidinium bromide versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.33 [0.89, 2]
4 studies · 1922 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.88, 1.28]
22 studies · 10536 participants
High