Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

120 questions · 122 findings · 48 reviews

No studies found 23 · 18.9%GRADE not reported 3 · 2.5%Very low 49 · 40.2%Low 30 · 24.6%Moderate 14 · 11.5%High 3 · 2.5%

Anticonvulsant vs placebo

Adverse events ‐ Withdrawn for medical reasons · patients with alcohol dependence

Anticonvulsants showed no clear difference in adverse events—withdrawn for medical reasons compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants vs placebo

Adverse events ‐ Withdrawn for medical reasons · patients with depression during opioid agonist treatment for opioid dependence

Antidepressants probably leads to higher adverse events ‐ Withdrawn for medical reasons compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants vs placebo according to any definition

Adverse events ‐ Withdrawn for medical reasons · patients with depression during opioid agonist treatment for opioid dependence

Antidepressants probably leads to higher adverse events ‐ Withdrawn for medical reasons compared with placebo according to any definition (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse events ‐ Withdrawn for medical reasons: SSRI versus placebo · patients with depression during opioid agonist treatment for opioid dependence

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events ‐ Withdrawn for medical reasons: SSRI versus placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Heated tobacco use vs cigarette smoking

Serious adverse events – measured by self‐report and medical records · people who smoke

It is very uncertain whether heated tobacco use changes serious adverse events – measured by self‐report and medical records compared with cigarette smoking (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse events ‐ Withdrawn for medical reasons: Tricyclics versus placebo · patients with depression during opioid agonist treatment for opioid dependence

The intervention leads to higher adverse events ‐ Withdrawn for medical reasons: Tricyclics versus… (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review