Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

891 questions · 902 findings · 317 reviews

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No studies found 210 · 23.3%GRADE not reported 56 · 6.2%Very low 236 · 26.2%Low 220 · 24.4%Moderate 146 · 16.2%High 34 · 3.8%

Autogenic drainage vs conventional physiotherapy

Adverse events · adults and children with CF

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Autogenic drainage for airway clearance in cystic fibrosis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Physical activity vs usual care

Adverse events · adults with non‐advanced colorectal cancer treated surgically or with neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy, or both

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity interventions for disease‐related physical and mental health during and following treatment in… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 305 participants
Low

BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy

Adverse events · children with CP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 206 participants
Very low

Lithium vs ECT

Adverse events · acute mania

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Lithium for acute mania 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intestinal trefoil factor (ITF), oral spray vs placebo

Adverse events · Adults receiving chemotherapy alone for colorectal cancer

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and growth factors 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
Adverse events narratively reported (not GRADE-rated)
1 study
GRADE not reported

Combination terbinafine plus azole vs terbinafine

Adverse events · participants with confirmed toenail onychomycosis

Combination terbinafine plus azole showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with terbinafine monotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.64 [0.34, 1.21]
1 study · 176 participants
Low

Acupuncture vs sham

Adverse events · Adults with dry mouth due to radiotherapy (head and neck cancer) or Sjogren's Syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of dry mouth: non‐pharmacological interventions 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
Acupuncture was associated with more adverse effects (tiny bruises and tiredness, mild and temporary); List 1998 noted significant eye discomfort; Pfister 2010 reported temporary increases in pain, minor bruising or…
4 studies
GRADE not reported

Intravesically administered BCG combined with IFN‐α vs intravesically administered BCG alone

Discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events ‐ not measured · patients with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin with interferon‐alpha versus intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin for treating… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Longer vs shorter duration of nicotine patch therapy

Overall serious adverse events · people who smoke

1 finding from 1 review

Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 1173 participants
Very low

Combination vs nicotine replacement therapy monotherapy

Overall serious adverse events · people who smoke

Combination showed no clear difference in overall serious adverse events compared with single‐form nicotine replacement therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.44 [0.76, 25.85]
5 studies · 2888 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Single vs combination intravenous anti‐pseudomonal antibiotic therapy

Adverse events during treatment · adults and children with cystic fibrosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Single versus combination intravenous anti‐pseudomonal antibiotic therapy for people with cystic fibrosis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Single versus combination intravenous anti‐pseudomonal antibiotic therapy for people with cystic fibrosis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 131 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Adverse events: any (Duration of · stages I to III NSCLC patients treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: any (Duration of (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with surgery or… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [0.97, 1.28]
4 studies · 4126 participants
Low

Usual care vs immunosuppressive withdrawal after monotherapy

Withdrawals due to adverse events · Participants with Crohn's disease in remission

It is very uncertain whether usual care changes withdrawal due to adverse events compared with immunosuppressive withdrawal after monotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Withdrawal of immunosuppressant or biologic therapy for patients with quiescent Crohn's disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.59 [0.35, 19.04]
2 studies · 135 participants
Very low

Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

Adverse events: hypophosphataemia · AKI

Early leads to higher adverse events: hypophosphataemia compared with standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.8 [1.33, 2.44]
1 study · 2927 participants
High

Intensive vs less intensive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)

Adverse events: hypophosphataemia · AKI

Intensive leads to higher adverse events: hypophosphataemia compared with less intensive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.21 [1.11, 1.31]
1 study · 1441 participants
High

Bortezomib vs no bortezomib

Diarrhoea · All patients with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma

Bortezomib probably leads to higher adverse Events: Diarrhoea ‐ Bortezomib versus no bortezomib (same… compared with no bortezomib (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Bortezomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 6.24 [2.79, 13.98]
4 studies · 1670 participants
Moderate
Bortezomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.8 [1.22, 2.65]
4 studies · 2118 participants
Moderate

Bortezomib vs no bortezomib

Thrombocytopenia · All patients with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma

Bortezomib leads to higher adverse Events: Thrombocytopenia ‐ Bortezomib versus no bortezomib… compared with no bortezomib (high certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Bortezomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.51 [1.13, 2]
3 studies · 1196 participants
High
Bortezomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.6 [2.01, 3.35]
5 studies · 2595 participants
Low

Bortezomib vs no bortezomib

Adverse Events: Infections (All) ‐ Bortezomib versus no bortezomib (same background therapy) · All patients with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma

Bortezomib showed no clear difference in adverse Events: Infections (All) ‐ Bortezomib versus no bortezomib… compared with no bortezomib (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bortezomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.37 [0.97, 1.93]
4 studies · 1670 participants
High

Bortezomib vs no bortezomib

Adverse effects (cardiac) · All patients with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma

Bortezomib showed no clear difference in adverse Events: Cardiac Disorders ‐ Bortezomib versus no bortezomib… compared with no bortezomib (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bortezomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.17 [0.39, 3.52]
2 studies · 736 participants
Moderate

VGB vs CBZ monotherapy

Adverse events Visual field defects · people with epilepsy

It is very uncertain whether VGB changes adverse events Visual field defects compared with CBZ monotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vigabatrin versus carbamazepine monotherapy for epilepsy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5.37 [0.27, 106.88]
1 study · 54 participants
Very low