Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

69 questions · 70 findings · 33 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 13 · 18.6%GRADE not reported 6 · 8.6%Very low 24 · 34.3%Low 20 · 28.6%Moderate 7 · 10%High 0 · 0%

Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo vs placebo or supportive treatment

Adverse effects: specific ‐ doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events) Medium‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis

It is very uncertain whether group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy… changes adverse effects: specific ‐ doctors' assessment of adverse effects… compared with supportive therapy + placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs placebo

Adverse effects. Specific: movement disorders ‐ parkinsonism · patients with schizophrenia

HALOPERIDOL probably leads to higher adverse effects: Movement disorders ‐ parkinsonism compared with PLACEBO (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SULPIRIDE vs placebo

Severe adverse effects ‐ medium term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

ASENAPINE vs placebo

Adverse effects: Incidence of serious adverse effects · adults with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ASENAPINE changes adverse effects: Incidence of serious adverse effects compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) vs placebo

Adverse effects: Death ‐ long termOccurrences of death · patients with schizophrenia

ORAL FLUPHENAZINE showed no clear difference in adverse effects: Death ‐ long termOccurrences of death compared with PLACEBO (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ASENAPINE vs placebo

Adverse effects: 1. Clinically significant extrapyramidal side effects (2‐10 weeks) vs. standard higher dose (> 7.5‐15 mg/day) · adults with schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

BIFEPRUNOX vs placebo

Weight gain · patients with schizophrenia

BIFEPRUNOX showed no clear difference in adverse effects: Weight ‐ Total number of participants with ≥ 7%… compared with PLACEBO (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) vs placebo

Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effectsParkinsonism (rigidity) short term (< 3 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia

ORAL FLUPHENAZINE probably leads to higher adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects (rigidity) ‐ short… compared with PLACEBO (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) vs placebo

Adverse effects: 2. Extrapyramidal ‐ akathisia · patients with schizophrenia

ORAL FLUPHENAZINE probably leads to higher adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects (akathisia) ‐ short… compared with PLACEBO (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

TRIFLUOPERAZINE vs placebo

Severe adverse effects ‐ short term Numbers of participants leaving the studies due to severe adverse effects · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether TRIFLUOPERAZINE changes severe adverse effects ‐ short term Numbers of participants leaving… compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

RISPERIDONE vs placebo

Adverse effects: 1a. extrapyramidal ‐ various effects ‐ short term (up to 12 weeks) ‐ general ‐ any significant EPS · patients with schizophrenia

RISPERIDONE may leads to higher adverse effects: 1a. extrapyramidal ‐ various effects ‐ short term… compared with PLACEBO (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review