What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

• Indomethacin for intracranial hypertension secondary to severe traumatic brain injury in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Antistaphylococcal cephalosporins C1 and C2 (1st and 2nd generation) vs broad spectrum penicillins plus betalactamase inhibitors P2+ ‐ all outcomes

It is very uncertain whether antistaphylococcal cephalosporins C1 and C2 (1st and 2nd generation) changes maternal composite adverse effects compared with broad spectrum penicillins plus betalactamase inhibitors P2+ ‐ all… (very low certainty).

• Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.09, 10.5]
  2 studies · 468 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Effect of cocoa on blood pressure 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  31 studies · 1514 participants
  Moderate

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) vs lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg)

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) showed no clear difference in withdrawals due to adverse effects compared with lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg) (low certainty).

• Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.58, 1.19]
  2 studies · 7497 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  GRADE not reported

UAE/UACE vs MTX

UAE/UACE showed no clear difference in adverse effects UAE vs systemic MTX compared with systemic MTX (low certainty).

• Interventions for non‐tubal ectopic pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.58 [0.41, 6.11]
  1 study · 72 participants
  Low

Chlorhexidine dressing following alcohol cleansing vs polyurethane dressing following aqueous povidone‐iodine cleansing

Chlorhexidine dressing following alcohol cleansing probably leads to higher adverse effects: contact dermatitis compared with polyurethane dressing following aqueous povidone‐iodine cleansing (moderate certainty).

• Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter‐related infections in newborn infants with central venous… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 43.06 [2.61, 710.44]
  1 study · 670 participants
  Moderate

Silver‐alginate dressing vs control

• Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter‐related infections in newborn infants with central venous… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 150 participants
  GRADE not reported

Any intervention to manage relapse: fixed options (labial braces, lingual braces, fixed lingual wire) or removable options (Hawley's retainer with spring elastomeric module, Bloore removable aligner, other Hawley's retainer modifications, Invisalign, Clearstep) vs no intervention or another intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing relapse of the lower front teeth after orthodontic treatment 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No RCTs met the inclusion criteria for this review. After deduplication, the electronic searching identified 527 publications; after reviewing the titles and abstracts, none focused on interventions to correct the…
  0 studies
  No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antibiotics vs topical treatments

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Laxative vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether laxative changes adverse effects on babies: diarrhoea compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.46 [0.23, 26.82]
  1 study · 281 participants
  Very low

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic acid) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic… showed no clear difference in side effects or other adverse events compared with placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo) (low certainty).

• Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in patients with haemophilia or Von Willebrand disease… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Up to 10 days postoperative
  RD 0.034 [-0.32, 0.38]
  2 studies · 59 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse effects: fever 48 to 72 hours (low certainty).

• Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.83, 1.07]
  3 studies · 3187 participants
  Low

Fluoride mouthrinse (0.05-0.32% sodium fluoride or amine fluoride) added to daily fluoride toothpaste vs Control: fluoride toothpaste alone, placebo mouthrinse + toothpaste, or non-fluoride (chlorhexidine) mouthrinse + toothpaste

No adverse effects were reported in any of the seven included studies (ungraded).

• Fluoride mouthrinses for prevention of initial caries in orthodontic patients - a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes

  During treatment · Clinical orthodontic (fixed multi-bracket appliance) treatment
  No side- or adverse effects were reported in any of the included reports.
  7 studies · 704 participants
  GRADE not reported

Prophylactic probiotics vs placebo

Prophylactic probiotics showed no clear difference in adverse effects Measured by: reporting compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Probiotics to prevent infantile colic 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.14, 7.21]
  6 studies · 1851 participants
  Low

Extended vs short‐duration valganciclovir

Extended showed no clear difference in total treatment‐related adverse effects compared with short‐duration valganciclovir (moderate certainty).

• Antiviral medications for preventing cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.16 [0.97, 1.4]
  2 studies · 456 participants
  Moderate

Vitamin A and fish oils (docosahexaenoic acid) vs placebo, vitamins, or no treatment

• Vitamin A and fish oils for preventing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 944 participants
  Very low

Laxative vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether laxative changes adverse effects on babies: loose stools compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.62 [0.16, 2.41]
  1 study · 281 participants
  Very low

Amifostine vs no treatment/placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Alopecia, skin toxicity, hot flush, drowsiness, sneezing, hiccupping, dizziness and fatigue reported narratively or only for the amifostine group; insufficient evidence of a difference
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported