Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

23 questions · 27 findings · 12 reviews

No studies found 1 · 3.7%GRADE not reported 9 · 33.3%Very low 5 · 18.5%Low 10 · 37%Moderate 1 · 3.7%High 1 · 3.7%

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Mortality Mortality at latest · preterm or low birth weight infants

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher vs lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation

All‐cause mortality: range 1 mo to 1 y · adults admitted to the ICU

It is very uncertain whether higher changes all‐cause mortality: range 1 mo to 1 y compared with lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher vs lower omega‐6: additional key outcomes

All‐cause mortality Study duration range 12‐96 months Omega‐6 dose range 1.5%‐24.5% E · adults with or without existing CVD

Higher showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality Study duration range 12‐96 months Omega‐6 dose… compared with lower omega‐6: primary outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher vs lower omega‐6: additional key outcomes

Cardiovascular mortality · adults with or without existing CVD

It is very uncertain whether higher changes cardiovascular mortality Study duration range 24‐96 months Omega‐6… compared with lower omega‐6: primary outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher number of lost teeth (per one additional lost tooth) vs Fewer lost teeth (continuous, per-tooth increment)

All-cause mortality (ACM) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

Each additional lost tooth was associated with a multivariable-adjusted HR of 1.02 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.03) for all-cause mortality (11 studies, I2=89%), statistically significant; GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

3 findings from 1 review

Higher number of lost teeth (per one additional lost tooth) vs Fewer lost teeth (continuous, per-tooth increment)

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

Each additional lost tooth was associated with a multivariable-adjusted HR of 1.02 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.03) for ACVD-related events (13 studies, I2=75%), statistically significant; GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

3 findings from 1 review

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

All cause mortality · people with chronic kidney disease (predialysis (GFR 15 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), HD, PD, transplant recipients)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for All cause mortality, Patients with chronic kidney disease: RR 0.86 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.92), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

All cause mortality · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for All cause mortality: HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.78), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) vs lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration

Mortality (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) changes mortality (at the end of compared with lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

Coronary heart disease mortality – CHD deaths · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) showed no clear difference in coronary heart disease mortality compared with lower PUFA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

All cause mortality (in CKD patients) · Participants in observational studies

The meta-analysis of observational studies reported a RR of 0.88 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.93) for higher versus lower circulating vitamin D concentration.

1 finding from 1 review