Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

18 questions · 20 findings · 15 reviews

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No studies found 2 · 10%GRADE not reported 1 · 5%Very low 6 · 30%Low 7 · 35%Moderate 2 · 10%High 2 · 10%

High vs low blood pressure target

All‐cause mortality · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

It is very uncertain whether high changes all‐cause mortality compared with low blood pressure target (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.33 [0.3, 5.9]
3 studies · 737 participants
Very low

High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats

All‐cause mortality – deaths · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality – deaths compared with low long‐chain omega‐3 fats (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.93, 1.01]
45 studies · 143693 participants
High

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

All‐cause mortality – deaths · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality – deaths compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.84, 1.2]
5 studies · 19327 participants
Moderate

Higher vs lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation

All‐cause mortality: range 1 mo to 1 y · adults admitted to the ICU

It is very uncertain whether higher changes all‐cause mortality: range 1 mo to 1 y compared with lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower fractions of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.96, 1.06]
16 studies · 9408 participants
Very low

Effects of high‐ vs low‐added sugar consumption

All‐cause mortality · Adults without diabetes or CVD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low‐added sugar consumption for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Higher vs lower omega‐6: additional key outcomes

All‐cause mortality Study duration range 12‐96 months Omega‐6 dose range 1.5%‐24.5% E · adults with or without existing CVD

Higher showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality Study duration range 12‐96 months Omega‐6 dose… compared with lower omega‐6: primary outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.88, 1.12]
10 studies · 4506 participants
Low

High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula

All‐cause mortality · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Anticoagulant drugs: VKA high dose vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Total mortalitya · people with antiphospholipid syndrome and a history of stroke or thromboembolic events

High‐dose VKA showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortalitya compared with standard‐dose VKA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents for secondary prevention of stroke and other thromboembolic events in people… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.53 [0.27, 8.79]
2 studies · 223 participants
Low

High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies

Mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity

High‐dose showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality prior to hospital discharge compared with standard‐dose strategies (low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.53, 1.38]
5 studies · 723 participants
Low
Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.75 [0.4, 1.4]
3 studies · 333 participants
Very low
Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.75 [0.25, 2.3]
1 study · 238 participants
Very low

High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies

Mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants at risk for apnea

It is very uncertain whether high‐dose changes all‐cause mortality prior to hospital discharge compared with standard‐dose strategies (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.32 [0.5, 3.53]
2 studies · 152 participants
Very low

Higher‐dose heparin vs standard‐dose heparin

All‐cause mortality · people undergoing bariatric surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for preventing venous thromboembolism in people undergoing bariatric surgery 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 597 participants
Low

Higher‐dose anticoagulants vs lower‐dose anticoagulants

All‐cause mortality · people hospitalised with COVID‐19

Higher‐dose anticoagulants showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with lower‐dose anticoagulants (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticoagulants for people hospitalised with COVID‐19: a rapid review 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.92, 1.16]
4 studies · 4489 participants
High

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

All‐cause mortality · people with or without existing CVD, men and women

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with lower PUFA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.89, 1.07]
24 studies · 19290 participants
Moderate

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) vs lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg)

All‐cause mortality · older adults with primary hypertension

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.24 [0.99, 1.54]
3 studies · 8221 participants
Low

High cell dose vs low cell dose

All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · people with critical limb ischaemia

1 finding from 1 review

Autologous cells derived from different sources and administered using different regimens for 'no‐option' critical… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 16 participants
GRADE not reported

High‐volume continuous veno‐venous hemofiltration (CVVH) vs standard CVVH

All‐cause mortality · adults with severe acute pancreatitis

High‐volume continuous veno‐venous hemofiltration (CVVH) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with standard CVVH (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous veno‐venous hemofiltration for severe acute pancreatitis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.6 [0.17, 2.07]
1 study · 30 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ High‐dose dexamethasone (12 mg or higher) vs low‐dose dexamethasone (6 mg to 8 mg)

All‐cause mortality up to 30 days · hospitalised individuals with unknown vaccination status and a confirmed diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19

Summary of findings table ‐ High‐dose dexamethasone (12 mg or higher) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality up to 30 days compared with low‐dose dexamethasone (6 mg to 8 mg) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19: Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.73, 1.04]
3 studies · 1269 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ High‐dose dexamethasone (12 mg or higher) vs low‐dose dexamethasone (6 mg to 8 mg)

All‐cause mortality up to 120 days · hospitalised individuals with unknown vaccination status and a confirmed diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ High‐dose dexamethasone (12 mg or higher) changes all‐cause mortality up to 120 days compared with low‐dose dexamethasone (6 mg to 8 mg) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19: Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.79, 1.08]
4 studies · 1383 participants
Very low