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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
432 questions in 71 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Salbutamol vs placebo Adverse effects of bronchodilators, including hypokalaemia, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, tremor, hypertension and hyperglycaemia ‐ not reported · preterm infants (< 37 weeks GA) at risk of chronic lung disease Inhaled bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (clinical definition) among survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Neurosensory disability in survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs no surfactant administration Neurosensory disability in survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with the intent to rapidly extubate (InSurE) Neurosensory disability in survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care Validated pain scales · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs standard care Validated pain scores · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs standard care Physiological indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs standard care Behavioural indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs standard care — · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
White noise vs standard care Validated pain scores · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
White noise vs standard care Physiological indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
White noise vs standard care Behavioural indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
White noise vs standard care — · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care Physiological indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care Behavioural indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care — · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin Severe intraventricular haemorrhage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin Periventricular leukomalacia · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin Length of hospital stay in days for survivors to discharge · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin Retinopathy of prematurity, any stage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics Chronic lung diseasein survivors · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics Severe intraventricular haemorrhage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics Periventricular leukomalacia · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics Length of hospital stay in days for survivors to discharge · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics Retinopathy of prematurity, any stage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin Chronic lung disease in survivors · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control Any adverse outcome · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control Any adverse outcome · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs control Neurodevelopmental impairment (18 months to 3 years) · extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight infants Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral stimulation vs standard care Time (days) spent in NICU ‐ not reported · preterm infants Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral stimulation vs standard care Duration (days) of parenteral nutrition ‐ not reported · preterm infants Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral stimulation vs non‐oral intervention Time (days) spent in NICU ‐ not reported · preterm infants Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs low flow nasal cannula (LFNC) Chronic lung disease (need for supplemental oxygen at 28 days of life) ‐ not measured · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dextrose gel vs placebo Breastfeeding (exclusive after discharge) ‐ not reported (WHO 2008 definition (yes/no)) · newborn infants at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at‐risk neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant treatment guided by rapid tests for surfactant deficiency vs surfactant therapy provided to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome diagnosed on clinical and radiologic criteria Neonatal mortality (mortality < 28 days of age) from any cause ‐ not reported · preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant treatment guided by rapid tests for surfactant deficiency vs surfactant therapy provided to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome diagnosed on clinical and radiologic criteria Bronchopulmonary dysplasia or mortality ‐ not reported · preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant treatment guided by rapid tests for surfactant deficiency vs surfactant therapy provided to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome diagnosed on clinical and radiologic criteria Neurodevelopmental outcome at approximately two years' corrected age ‐ not reported · preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo BPD or death at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age№ of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of developing BPD Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo Need for supplemental oxygen (days)№ of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of developing BPD Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo Moderate to severe neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 to 24 months№ of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of developing BPD Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLACfast vs CLACslow All‐cause in‐hospital mortality by 36 weeks' postmenstrual ageUnit: number of infants with event · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLACfast vs CLACslow Severe ROPUnit: number of infants with event · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLACfast vs CLACslow Neurodevelopmental outcomes at approximately 2 years' corrected age · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Automated oxygen delivery vs routine manual oxygen delivery All‐cause in‐hospital mortality by 36 weeks' postmenstrual ageUnit: number of infants with event · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Automated oxygen delivery vs routine manual oxygen delivery Neurodevelopmental outcomes at approximately 2 years' corrected age · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Automated oxygen delivery vs enhanced manual oxygen delivery All‐cause in‐hospital mortality by 36 weeks' postmenstrual ageUnit: number of infants with event · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Automated oxygen delivery vs enhanced manual oxygen delivery Severe ROPUnit: number of infants with event · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Automated oxygen delivery vs enhanced manual oxygen delivery Neurodevelopmental outcomes at approximately 2 years' corrected age · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |