What do systematic reviews say?

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale)

At least 30% reduction in pain or equivalent (moderate) · adults with fibromyalgia

Pain score assessed up to 10 minutes after the procedure · procedural pain in neonates

Pain score assessed up to 10 minutes after the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Acute pain · children (0 to 18 years)

Complications of surgery (haemorrhage and days with pain) · children with PFAPA

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · septal surgery

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · septal surgery

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · septal surgery

Maternal pain (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women in labour at term

Pain intensity none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain

Pain intensity none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain

Pain control · adults with refractory glaucoma

Pain control change from baseline 12 months postintervention · adults with refractory glaucoma

Maternal pain (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term

Maternal pain (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term

Substantial benefit: At least 50% reduction in pain, or PGIC much improved · adults with chronic neuropathic pain

Proportion reporting pain relief of 30% or greater not measured · patients with iliotibial band friction syndrome (knee tendinitis)

Proportion reporting pain relief of 30% or greater not measured · patients with extensor carpi radialis tendinitis

Proportion reporting pain relief of 30% or greater not measured · patients with extensor carpi radialis tendinitis