What do systematic reviews say?

Number of women experiencing pain ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence

Number of women experiencing pain ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence

Number of women experiencing pain ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence

Number of women experiencing pain ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence

Change in pain intensity from baseline to 1 month · children and adults with corneal abrasion

Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) · adults with chronic pain

Use of pharmacological pain relief ‐ not reported · pain management in labour

Use of pharmacological pain relief ‐ not reported · pain management in labour

Use of pharmacological pain relief ‐ not reported · women in labour

Use of pharmacological pain relief ‐ not reported · women in labour

Perioperative or postoperative pain or discomfort · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective amalgam restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth

"Moderate" benefit At least 30% reduction in pain · Adults with cancer pain

"Moderate" benefit At least 30% reduction in pain · neuropathic pain (5 studies in painful diabetic neuropathy and polyneuropathy)

Perioperative or postoperative pain or discomfort · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective resin composite restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth

Patient satisfaction: discomfort/pain (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

Patient satisfaction: discomfort/pain (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

Pain intensity (measure on a 0‐3 four‐point scale) · UC patients

Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults with chronic pain

Acute pain · children (0‐18 years)

Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis