Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

63 questions · 66 findings · 33 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 9 · 13.6%GRADE not reported 8 · 12.1%Very low 11 · 16.7%Low 19 · 28.8%Moderate 18 · 27.3%High 1 · 1.5%

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

All‐cause mortality · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Self‐management interventions showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

2 findings from 2 reviews · compare the 2 reviews

Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.86 [0.59, 1.26]
5719 participants
Low
Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.71, 1.59]
16 studies · 3296 participants
Moderate

Anxiolytics vs inactive control

All‐cause mortality · adults with central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Methylxanthine derivatives vs inactive control

All‐cause mortality · adults with central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Hypnotics vs inactive control

All‐cause mortality · adults with primary central sleep apnoea

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors vs inactive control

All‐cause mortality · adults with central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Adaptive servo ventilation (ASV) vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

All‐cause mortality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Adaptive servo ventilation (ASV) vs bilevel ventilation

All‐cause mortality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care vs placebo or usual care

All‐cause mortality · adults with a confirmed diagnosis of mild COVID‐19, of whom only 10% (219/2132) participants had received ≥ 1 vaccination

Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with standard care (with or without placebo) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.61 [0.22, 1.67]
3 studies · 2132 participants
Low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation

All‐cause mortality · post‐exacerbation COPD

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with standard treatment following a severe exacerbation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.97 [0.74, 1.28]
2 studies · 318 participants
Low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

All‐cause mortality · stable COPD

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation probably leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with standard treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.75 [0.58, 0.97]
3 studies · 405 participants
Moderate

Children: formoterol/fluticasone vs regular salmeterol and fluticasone

All‐cause mortality · children with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 548 participants
GRADE not reported

Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS

All‐cause mortality · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Regular formoterol and ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with same‐dose ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.25 [0.61, 2.56]
32 studies · 35751 participants
Moderate

Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS

All‐cause mortality · children and adolescents with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 4035 participants
Low

Statins vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · Adults with COPD

Statins showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.03 [0.61, 1.74]
2 studies · 952 participants
Low

Quinolone vs macrolides

All‐cause mortality · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Head‐to‐head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

Macrolides vs tetracycline

All‐cause mortality · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Head‐to‐head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

Quinolone vs tetracycline

All‐cause mortality · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Head‐to‐head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality · adults and children with chronic asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.8 [0.36, 1.78]
41 studies · 27951 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality · adults and children with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 8453 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · exacerbations of COPD

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.27 [0.49, 3.3]
1 study · 301 participants
Low