What do systematic reviews say?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant changes participants withdrawn due to adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.71 [0.16, 18.04]
  1 study · 76 participants
  Very low

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other… may leads to higher any adverse effects (hookworm infection risk) compared with unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) (low certainty).

• Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.78 [1.18, 2.7]
  1 study · 785 participants
  Low

0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

4% prilocaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Antipsychotic dose increase vs antipsychotic dose continuation

It is very uncertain whether antipsychotic dose increase changes adverse effects ‐ at least one adverse effect compared with antipsychotic dose continuation (very low certainty).

• Increasing antipsychotic dose for non response in schizophrenia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.55, 1.5]
  2 studies · 191 participants
  Very low

3% prilocaine, 0.03 IU felypressin vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment, not estimable; 63 participants, 187 interventions (1 study); 1 case of urticaria occurred (unclear which anaesthetic). Not pooled/graded.
  1 study · 63 participants
  GRADE not reported

2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Droperidol vs OLANZAPINE

Droperidol showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ cardiovascular ‐ arrhythmia compared with olanzapine (moderate certainty).

• Droperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.88]
  1 study · 221 participants
  Moderate

Droperidol vs placebo

Droperidol showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ cardiovascular ‐ arrhythmia compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Droperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.34 [0.01, 8.31]
  1 study · 227 participants
  Moderate

Intravenous propofol vs alternative intravenous sedative or hypnotic

• The use of propofol for procedural sedation in emergency departments 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 527 participants
  Very low

ELECTRIC ACUPUNCTURE CONVULSIVE THERAPY vs ECT

ELECTRIC ACUPUNCTURE CONVULSIVE THERAPY may leads to lower adverse effects: Spinal fracture (short‐term) compared with ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (low certainty).

• Acupuncture for schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.14, 0.81]
  1 study · 68 participants
  Low

FLUPENTHIXOL vs LOW‐POTENCY ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS

• Flupenthixol versus low‐potency first‐generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

HALOPERIDOL vs LOW‐POTENCY ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes adverse effects ‐ at least one adverse effect compared with LOW‐POTENCY ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS (very low certainty).

• Haloperidol versus low‐potency first‐generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.97 [0.69, 5.66]
  5 studies · 158 participants
  Very low

PERPHENAZINE vs LOW‐POTENCY ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS

Comparison 1: PERPHENAZINE showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ at least one adverse effect compared with LOW‐POTENCY ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS (low certainty).

• Perphenazine versus low‐potency first‐generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.36, 1.95]
  2 studies · 165 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Metformin + levonorgestrel (intrauterine system) vs levonorgestrel intrauterine system

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Metformin + levonorgestrel (intrauterine… changes adverse effects during treatment ‐ all effects compared with levonorgestrel intrauterine system (very low certainty).

• Metformin for endometrial hyperplasia 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 4 [1.15, 13.9]
  1 study · 51 participants
  Very low

Full‐mouth ultrasonic scaling plus photodynamic therapy vs full‐mouth ultrasonic scaling alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Treatment of dental and orthodontic complications in thalassaemia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found