What do systematic reviews say?

Thoracic epidural anaesthesia vs conventional pain control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia versus conventional analgesia for preventing persistent postoperative pain… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Face‐to‐face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 90 participants
  Low

Rituximab vs no rituximab

Rituximab showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ infusion reactions: number of events compared with no rituximab (moderate certainty).

• Treatment for hepatitis C virus‐associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.33 [0.76, 24.75]
  3 studies · 118 participants
  Moderate

HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. QUETIAPINE + MAGNESIUM VALPROATE

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (HIGH DOSE) vs ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (LOW DOSE)

ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (HIGH DOSE) showed no clear difference in adverse effects: 1. Extrapyramidal side effects (TESS) compared with ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (LOW DOSE) (low certainty).

• Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.33 [0.74, 7.35]
  1 study · 30 participants
  Low

HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTICS

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Haloperidol for long‐term aggression in psychosis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Flunarizine vs placebo

Flunarizine showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ Vomiting No of patients with vomiting compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Calcium antagonists as an add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.09 [0.57, 29.16]
  1 study · 93 participants
  High

QUETIAPINE vs OLANZAPINE

QUETIAPINE probably leads to lower adverse effects: 3. Metabolic ‐ weight significant gain compared with OLANZAPINE (moderate certainty).

• Quetiapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.69 [0.51, 0.95]
  7 studies · 1321 participants
  Moderate

Fluoride mouthrinse, gel or varnish combined with fluoride toothpaste (any combined regimen) vs Fluoride toothpaste alone

• Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for… 2004 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse-effect data scarcely reported: a stain score in one trial and 'any side effects' in one trial without complete or useable data (stated 'no side effects observed in both groups'). No useful information on tooth…
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Ginkgo biloba vs placebo

• Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 1154 participants
  Low

One type of traditional sling operation vs another traditional suburethral sling

• Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 421 participants
  Very low

Metformin vs placebo

Metformin leads to higher adverse effects associated with the treatment: diarrhoea compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.34 [1.74, 3.14]
  2 studies · 797 participants
  High

HALOPERIDOL vs chlorpromazine

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes adverse effects: specific ‐ cardiovascular ‐ hypotension compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. CHLORPROMAZINE (very low certainty).

• Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.51 [0.01, 2.6]
  1 study · 30 participants
  Very low

WENDAN DECOCTION vs antipsychotics

• Wendan decoction (Traditional Chinese medicine) for schizophrenia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

WENDAN DECOCTION PLUS NORMAL DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS

WENDAN DECOCTION PLUS NORMAL DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTIC showed no clear difference in adverse effects: Metabolic ‐ weight change (medium term) compared with NORMAL DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTIC (low certainty).

• Wendan decoction (Traditional Chinese medicine) for schizophrenia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.2, 1.24]
  1 study · 108 participants
  Low

WENDAN DECOCTION PLUS LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS

• Wendan decoction (Traditional Chinese medicine) for schizophrenia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

WENDAN DECOCTION vs placebo or no treatment

• Wendan decoction (Traditional Chinese medicine) for schizophrenia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs methadone

Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist may leads to higher number experiencing hypotensive or other adverse effects compared with methadone (low certainty).

• Alpha₂‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.92 [1.19, 3.1]
  6 studies · 464 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events Participants (n) reported adverse effects (low certainty).

• Oral herbal therapies for treating osteoarthritis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5 [0.26, 96.13]
  1 study · 30 participants
  Low

ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ NON‐SPECIFIC: SELEGILINE vs placebo

• Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 10 participants
  Very low