Non-Cochrane · intervention · PM42351737
Orthodontic Treatment-Induced Periodontal, Microbiological, and Local Inflammatory Changes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Gavrilescu Dragos-Mihai, Mateescu Diana-Maria, Marginean Andrei, et al. · Biomedicines · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14061308
Findings
Population Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment
15 findings
| Fixed orthodontic appliances | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | IL-1 beta in gingival crevicular fluid Early phase of treatment · Orthodontic patients | MD 1.2 [0.8, 1.6] Low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency 5 studies |
| Fixed orthodontic appliances | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Serum hs-CRP (exploratory systemic biomarker) Orthodontic patients | SMD 0.42 Low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency 3 studies |
| Fixed orthodontic appliances | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Plaque index Follow-up 3 to 12 months · Orthodontic patients | MD 0.45 [0.32, 0.58] Moderate Downgraded: inconsistency 12 studies |
| Fixed orthodontic appliances | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Gingival index Follow-up 3 to 12 months · Orthodontic patients | MD 0.38 [0.25, 0.51] Moderate Downgraded: inconsistency 10 studies |
| Fixed orthodontic appliances | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Bleeding on probing (%) Follow-up 3 to 12 months · Orthodontic patients | MD 15.2 [10.1, 20.3] Low Downgraded: imprecision 8 studies |
| Fixed orthodontic appliances | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Within-group prevalence of Porphyromonas spp. Follow-up 3 to 12 months · Orthodontic patients | OR 2.14 [1.67, 2.75] Low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency 5 studies |
| Fixed orthodontic appliances | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Within-group prevalence of Streptococcus mutans Follow-up 3 to 12 months · Orthodontic patients | OR 2.45 [1.89, 3.18] Low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency 7 studies |
| Fixed orthodontic appliances | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Within-group prevalence of Lactobacillus spp. Follow-up 3 to 12 months · Orthodontic patients | OR 1.98 [1.42, 2.76] Low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency 6 studies |
| Fixed orthodontic appliances | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | IL-6 in gingival crevicular fluid Early phase of treatment · Orthodontic patients | MD 0.9 [0.6, 1.2] Low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency 4 studies |
| Clear aligners | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Within-group prevalence of Lactobacillus spp. Follow-up 3 to 12 months · Orthodontic patients | OR 0.68 [0.49, 0.95] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Clear aligners | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Plaque index Follow-up 3 to 12 months · Orthodontic patients | MD -0.18 [-0.31, -0.05] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Clear aligners | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Bleeding on probing (%) Follow-up 3 to 12 months · Orthodontic patients | MD -4.3 [-8.1, -0.5] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| Clear aligners | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Within-group prevalence of Porphyromonas spp. Follow-up 3 to 12 months · Orthodontic patients | OR 0.75 [0.58, 0.97] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Clear aligners | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Within-group prevalence of Streptococcus mutans Follow-up 3 to 12 months · Orthodontic patients | OR 0.72 [0.55, 0.94] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Clear aligners | Baseline (pre-treatment) measurements | Gingival index Follow-up 3 to 12 months · Orthodontic patients | MD -0.21 [-0.38, -0.04] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
Included primary studies 36
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karkhanechi 2013 Periodontal status of adult patients treated with fixed buccal appliances and removable aligners over one year of active orthodontic… PMID:22725616 | 2013 | 3 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Levrini 2015 Periodontal health status in patients treated with the Invisalign(®) system and fixed orthodontic appliances: A 3 months clinical and… PMID:26430371 | 2015 | 3 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Madariaga 2020 Impact of Fixed Orthodontic Appliance and Clear Aligners on the Periodontal Health: A Prospective Clinical Study. PMID:31906577 | 2020 | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Miethke 2005 A comparison of the periodontal health of patients during treatment with the Invisalign system and with fixed orthodontic appliances. PMID:15959635 | 2005 | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Catunda 2023 Pig kidney phosphofructokinase. Purification to homogeneity and qualitative basic characterization. PMID:192023 | 1976 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hoffman 2015 A prospective randomized clinical trial into the capacity of a toothpaste containing NovaMin to prevent white spot lesions and gingivitis… PMID:26268772 | 2015 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Klaus 2016 [Tooth abnormalities: shape]. PMID:292016 | 1977 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bilgic 2016 Evaluation of inflammation during fixed orthodontic treatment. PMID:27447681 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bilgic 2016 Heart disease screening of school children using abbreviated electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram. PMID:282016 | 1978 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Calniceanu 2020 The mechanics of walking: putting your best foot forward. PMID:252020 | 1978 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Calniceanu 2020 Changes in clinical and microbiological parameters of the periodontium during initial stages of orthodontic movement in patients with… PMID:33123229 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Catunda 2023 Pre-treatment oral microbiome analysis and salivary Stephan curve kinetics in white spot lesion development in orthodontic patients… PMID:37095478 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chen 2022 Association of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections with increased recipient mortality following transplantation. PMID:222022 | 1979 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chen 2022 Alterations in subgingival microbiota during full-fixed appliance orthodontic treatment-A prospective study. PMID:34538018 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hoffman 2015 Ovarian cancer: a solid tumor with evidence of normal cellular immune function but abnormal B cell function. PMID:312015 | 1979 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jing 2019 Health perspectives in Rhode Island: a sample survey. PMID:272019 | 1977 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jing 2019 Effect of fixed orthodontic treatment on oral microbiota and salivary proteins. PMID:30988796 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Karkhanechi 2013 [István Andik (1910-1977)]. PMID:322013 | 1977 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Klaus 2016 Oral microbiota carriage in patients with multibracket appliance in relation to the quality of oral hygiene. PMID:27793169 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kloukos 2023 Intercellular communication in insect development is hormonally controlled. PMID:202023 | 1978 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kloukos 2023 Impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on blood count and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels: A prospective cohort study. PMID:36941188 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kouvelis 2021 pH dependence of singlet oxygen production in aqueous solutions using toluidine blue as a photosensitizer. PMID:242021 | 1975 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kouvelis 2021 A Prospective Cohort Study Assessing the Impact of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances on Saliva Properties and Oral Microbial Flora. PMID:33491380 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kumar 2022 The protonmotive force in phosphorylating membrane vesicles from Paracoccus denitrificans. Magnitude, sites of generation and comparison… PMID:212022 | 1978 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kumar 2022 A Study to Evaluate Il1 And Il6 Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels in Adolescents and Young Adults During the Early Phase of Orthodontic… PMID:36110632 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Levrini 2015 [Hydrotherapy and thermotherapy of rheumatic diseases. II. Indications and results of balneotherapy]. PMID:302015 | 1977 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| MacLaine 2010 Does orthodontic tooth movement cause an elevation in systemic inflammatory markers? PMID:19822530 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| MacLaine 2010 An improved perfusion fixation method for the testis. PMID:332010 | 1977 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Madariaga 2020 [Differential diagnosis of paroxysmal myoglobinuric syndromes within the framework of myopathy]. PMID:262020 | 1979 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Miethke & Vogt 2005 [Effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the state of the skin microcirculation at different age periods]. PMID:352005 | 1978 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Papadimitriou 2021 Plasma noradrenaline correlates with alpha-adrenoreceptor-mediated vasoconstriction and blood pressure in patients with essential… PMID:232021 | 1979 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Papadimitriou 2021 Effects of Self-ligating Orthodontic Appliances on the Periodontal Health of Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study. PMID:33600090 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ristic 2007 Clinical and microbiological effects of fixed orthodontic appliances on periodontal tissues in adolescents. PMID:17973685 | 2007 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ristic 2007 Multimarker analysis of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PMID:342007 | 1978 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zhao 2024 Update on the independent radiation monitor (IRM). PMID:182024 | 1976 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zhao 2024 Dynamic effects of fixed orthodontic treatment on oral health and oral microbiota: a prospective study. PMID:39709380 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, multibracket systems or removable aligners | Adolescents, young adults and adults undergoing orthodontic treatment (n=812 patients) |
| Intervention | Orthodontic treatment with mechanical tooth movement induced by appliances | Fixed appliances (most studies); clear aligners (3-4 studies) |
| Comparison | Baseline before treatment, longitudinal follow-up during treatment, or different appliance types | Baseline pre-treatment values (within-group pre-post); no concurrent untreated controls in most studies |
| Outcomes | Periodontal clinical parameters (plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing depth); microbiological alterations; local inflammatory biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid (IL-1beta, IL-6) | Plaque index (12), gingival index (10), bleeding on probing (8), S. mutans (7), Lactobacillus spp. (6), Porphyromonas spp. (5), GCF IL-1beta (5), GCF IL-6 (4); hs-CRP (3, exploratory) |
| Study designs | Prospective cohort studies, longitudinal clinical studies, randomized controlled trials | Prospective cohort and longitudinal studies, one RCT (18 studies) |
| Timing | Not specified | Follow-up 3 to 12 months |