Duration of treatment (days) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction
Metronidazole (intrasocket) led to lower duration of treatment (days) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars)
Metronidazole gel (25%, intrasocket) showed no clear difference in presence of dry socket compared with placebo gel; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Spontaneous masseter muscle pain (numerical graph rating scale) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to severe pain of…
Topical methyl salicylate (Theraflex-TMJ) led to lower spontaneous masseter muscle pain (numerical graph rating scale) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Spontaneous pain in the TMJ (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to severe pain of…
Topical methyl salicylate (Theraflex-TMJ) led to lower spontaneous TMJ pain (numerical graph rating scale) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Swelling (mean) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery 2017 · Cochrane All outcomesUp to 3 years postoperatively
Though Cheung 2004 reported the presence of postoperative swelling, it was only noted in conjunction with infection and pus discharge; assessment of this outcome did not include the use of photography or digital…
1 study · 60 participants
GRADE not reported
Satisfactory radiographic appearance (cephalometric radiographs) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Reliability of feeding method (number of times bottle modified) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or other syndromes…
1 finding from 1 review
Number of times a bottle had to be modified by the health visitor: 25/52 (48%) for rigid bottles versus 4/49 (8%) for squeezable bottles (Shaw 1999), P < 0.05 (favours squeezable). Six babies randomised to the rigid…
1 study · 101 participants
GRADE not reported
Instrumental assessment: nasalance score (nasometry and pressure-flow measure) · Children or adolescents aged 3 years or older with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) associated with non-syndromic submucous cleft palate
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
MRONJ (incidence proportion) · Men with metastatic prostate cancer receiving intravenous zoledronic acid (at risk of MRONJ)
It is very uncertain whether dental examinations at three-month intervals and preventive treatments changes MRONJ (incidence proportion) compared with standard care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
MRONJ (incidence rate: cases per patient-year) · Men with metastatic prostate cancer receiving intravenous zoledronic acid (at risk of MRONJ)
It is very uncertain whether dental examinations at three-month intervals and preventive treatments changes MRONJ (incidence rate: cases per patient-year) compared with standard care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Complications (adverse effects) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate showed no clear difference in complications (adverse effects) compared with intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone); GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Presence of TMJ sounds · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate led to lower presence of TMJ sounds compared with intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone); GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Pain on palpation of the affected/contralateral TMJ and masticatory muscles · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate led to lower pain on palpation of the affected/contralateral TMJ and masticatory… compared with intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone); GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Pain on palpation of the affected and contralateral TMJ and masticatory muscles presented similar frequencies regardless of the time (Analyses 1.4-1.12); no statistically significant differences reported. Point…
1 study · 40 participants
GRADE not reported
Extent of mandibular movement (maximum jaw opening, lateral and contralateral movement, jaw protrusion) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate showed no clear difference in extent of mandibular movement (maximum jaw opening, lateral and… compared with intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone); GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
None of the mean differences between interventions for the measures of jaw movements (maximum jaw opening, lateral movement to affected side, contralateral movement, jaw protrusion; Analyses 1.16-1.27) showed…
1 study · 40 participants
GRADE not reported
Reported pain (mm on VAS) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate led to lower reported pain (mm on VAS) compared with intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone); GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Fracture · general population
Non-linear positive dose-response: little change in overall fracture risk below ~1.5 mg/L drinking-water fluoride, with risk increasing above that threshold (RR 1.06, 1.19, 1.35 at 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg/L vs null); ungraded (4 studies).
4 findings from 1 review
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesLong-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Drinking-water fluoride 1.2 mg/L vs null
RR 1.00 [0.80, 1.24]
4 studies
GRADE not reported
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesLong-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Drinking-water fluoride 4.0 mg/L vs null
RR 1.35 [0.94, 1.95]
4 studies
GRADE not reported
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesLong-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Drinking-water fluoride 3.0 mg/L vs null
RR 1.19 [0.87, 1.64]
4 studies
GRADE not reported
Show 1 more finding
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesLong-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Drinking-water fluoride 2.0 mg/L vs null
RR 1.06 [0.80, 1.41]
4 studies
GRADE not reported
Gingival index (GI) · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years)
Persons with orofacial cleft have a higher gingival index than healthy controls (MD 0.15, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.19; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Risk of femoral fractures · general population
Femoral-fracture risk was mildly U-shaped: RR 0.86 at 0.5 mg/L rising to 1.06 at 1.8 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; risk mostly below null across the range; ungraded.
2 findings from 1 review
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesLong-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Drinking-water fluoride 1.8 mg/L vs null
RR 1.06 [0.67, 1.69]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesLong-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Drinking-water fluoride 0.5 mg/L vs null
RR 0.86 [0.71, 1.05]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Spine bone mineral density · Females (all ages)
Among females in low-to-moderate-risk-of-bias studies, the reported spine-BMD estimate above 2.35 mg/L water fluoride was MD 0.07 g/cm2 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.24; ungraded).
2 findings from 1 review
Risk of fragility fractures · Male participants
In males (7 studies), fragility-fracture risk generally decreased with increasing fluoride: RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.72-0.97) at 0.57 mg/L to 0.87 (0.48-1.58) at 1.8 mg/L vs null; ungraded.
2 findings from 1 review
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesLong-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Males: drinking-water fluoride 1.8 mg/L vs null
RR 0.87 [0.48, 1.58]
7 studies
GRADE not reported
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesLong-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Males: drinking-water fluoride 0.57 mg/L vs null
RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.97]
7 studies
GRADE not reported