Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · people with cancer pain
Methadone may leads to higher participant‐reported pain intensity compared with morphine (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events: appetite, thirst, somnolence · people with cancer pain
1 finding from 1 review
Moderate benefit: At least 30% reduction in pain, or PGIC much or very much improved · adults with chronic neuropathic pain
1 finding from 1 review
Substantial benefit: At least 50% reduction in pain, or PGIC much improved · adults with chronic neuropathic pain
1 finding from 1 review
Lack of efficacy withdrawal · adults with chronic neuropathic pain
1 finding from 1 review
Withdrawals due to adverse events · adults with chronic neuropathic pain
1 finding from 1 review
Participants experiencing anyserious adverseevents · adults with chronic neuropathic pain
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low
Deaths · adults with chronic neuropathic pain
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low
CI: Confidence interval · adults with chronic neuropathic pain
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Rescue free laxation within 4 hours · patients with the management of opioid‐induced constipation in palliative care patients
Methylnaltrexone probably leads to higher rescue free laxation within 4 hours compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Rescue free laxation within 24 hours · patients with the management of opioid‐induced constipation in palliative care patients
Methylnaltrexone probably leads to higher rescue free laxation within 24 hours compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Xerostomia (dry mouth relief) · Patients with radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction
1 finding from 1 review
Johnson 1993: positive response (>25 mm change in VAS score) in 25% of participants on placebo, 51% on pilocarpine 5 mg tds, 47% on pilocarpine 10 mg tds. LeVeque 1993: positive response in 7% on placebo vs 42% on…
2 studies · 278 participants
GRADE not reported
Other oral symptoms (oral discomfort, dysphonia) · Patients with radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction
1 finding from 1 review
Both studies assessed oral discomfort and dysphonia (Johnson 1993; LeVeque 1993); pilocarpine reported to improve associated symptoms of salivary gland dysfunction (oral discomfort, dysphonia). No pooled data.
2 studies · 278 participants
GRADE not reported
Salivary flow rate · Patients with radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects (side effects; treatment withdrawals) · Patients with radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction
1 finding from 1 review
Johnson 1993 (5 mg tds): sweating 37%, headache 15%, urinary frequency 14%, vasodilatation 12%, dizziness 10%, dyspepsia 10%, nausea 8%, asthenia 8%, diarrhoea 5%; 6% withdrew at 5 mg tds and 29% at 10 mg tds. LeVeque…
2 studies · 278 participants
GRADE not reported
Other oral symptoms (dysgeusia, dysphagia) · Patients with radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction
1 finding from 1 review
Dry mouth (xerostomia) · Patients with radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction
1 finding from 1 review
Davies 1994 (cross-over, 20 participants): mean improvement in VAS score 22.5 mm with pilocarpine vs 15.2 mm with artificial saliva (100 mm scale). The improvement was greater with pilocarpine but was not statistically…
1 study · 20 participants
GRADE not reported
Adverse effects (side effects; treatment withdrawals) · Patients with radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction
1 finding from 1 review
Davies 1994: main side effects with pilocarpine were nausea 20%, sweating 15%, lacrimation 10%. One participant definitely withdrew because of side effects; another may have.
1 study · 20 participants
GRADE not reported
Participants with ≥ 1 vomiting episode · adults receiving intravenous opioids
Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications showed no clear difference in vomiting (≥1 episode) compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Nausea · adults receiving intravenous opioids
Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications showed no clear difference in nausea (≥1 episode) compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review